Biomarkers and treatment options for immune checkpoint blockade resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Abstract:

Monotherapy for immune checkpoint blockade（ICB） lacks efficacy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma（PDAC），and rational combination therapy is an effective strategy to overcome ICB resistance in PDAC. Currently，combination therapies to overcome ICB resistance in PDAC mainly include the following：enhanced expression of programmed death receptor-ligand 1 or histocompatibility complex Ⅰ on the surface of PDAC cells；targeting key effectors in immune cells that play an immunosuppressive function to improve the immunosuppressive microenvironment of PDAC；combining the methods such as energy ablation，photodynamic therapy，and nano-material encapsulation to promote the release of tumor-associated antigens and stimulate immune activation. This article reviews the targets for ICB resistance and emerging methods in PDAC in recent years，so as to provide new ideas to address ICB resistance in PDAC.