Abstract:Objective：To induce the RAW264.7 and human blood CD14+ cells to differentiate into osteoclasts，to detect the transcrip－tion and expression of the osteoclast during its differentiation and maturation，and define the expressing position of Na+-H+ antiporter 2. Methods：The RAW264.7 and human blood CD14+ cells were induced to differentiate into osteoclasts by RANKL and M-CSF in vitro；the transcription of NHA2 was detected by RT-PCR during induction；the antiporter expression was tested by Western blot be－fore and after induction，and the exact position of its expression was defined by immunocytochemistry. Results：The RAW264.7 and human blood CD14+ cells were differentiated into osteoclasts by RANKL and M-CSF；the RT-PCR result indicated the transcription level was increased during osteoclast differentiation and maturation；the Western blot test revealed the antiporter was only expressed in the maturated osteoclast；and the immunocytochemistry experiment told us that the antiporter was mainly expressed in the mito－chondria of osteoclast. Conclusion：Na+-H+ Antiporter 2 was mainly expressed in the mitochondria of maturated osteoclast as a salt antiporter，which will affect the development and differentiation of osteoclast through controlling the metabolized balance of mitochon－dria.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the killing effect and enhancing transduction efficiency of ultrasound microbubble combined with pDsRed2-N1-CD/UPRT fusion suicide gene on lung cancer A549 cells in vitro. Methods：Pre-constructed recombinant plasmid pDsRed2-N1-CD/UPRT was extracted，and then the recombinant plasmid was tranfected to A549 cells. There were four test groups treated by different agents，Group A:blank control；Group B：plasmid with lipofectamine transfection；Group C：plasmid with lipofec－tamine transfection combined with ultrasound irradiation；Group D：plasmid with lipofectamine transfection combined with ultrasound microbubble. The transduction efficiency of target cells was detected by fluorescent microscope. The immunocytochemical method and western blot were used to observe the protein expression of CD/UPRT in A549 cells. Meanwhile，the direct killing effect of CD/UPRT gene on lung cancer A549 cells was measured by MTT assay respectively. Results：Ultrasound microbubble could improve the trans－duction efficiency of CD/UPRT gene into A549 cells to （54.8±2.59）%. Immunocytochemical method and western blot showed the protein expression of CD/UPRT in A549 cells increased significantly when combined with ultrasound microbubble（P<0.05）. CD/UP－RT had slight killing effect on A549 cells treated by 5-fluorouracil. The inhibitory rate against growth of transfected A549 cells in－creased significantly when combined with ultrasound microbubble（P<0.05）. Conclusion：Ultrasound microbubble can enhance the killing effect of CD/UPRT gene on lung cancer A549 cells through promoting the transduction efficiency and protein expression of CD/UPRT，thereby shows curative effect on lung cancer.

Abstract:Objective：To discuss the relationship between and significance of the expressions of Survivin and MMP-2 in carcinogene－sis and progression of breast carcinoma through detection and investigation. Methods：The expressions of Survivin and MMP-2 in 114 cases breast carcinoma tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry SP method.The relationship between Survivin and MMP-2 was analyzed，and their correlations with clinical stage，tumor grade of differentiation，axillary lymph node metastasis，and 5-year disease-free survival were also studied. Results：The positive expression rates of Survivin and MMP-2 in breast carcinoma were 71.05% （81/114） and 75.40% （84/114），respectively，which were significantly higher than those in normal breast tissue.Survivin expression had a positive correlation with MMP-2.Both Survivin and MMP-2 were correlated with the clinical stage，pathology grade，axillary lymph nodes metastasis，and 5-year disease-free survival （P<0.05）. Conclusion：The expressions of Survivin and MMP-2 are significantly correlated with the occurrence and development of breast carcinoma. Detection of these two expressions may be valuable for evaluating the prognosis of breast carcinoma.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate whether lung IP for a short period prior to surgery is sufficient to prevent symptoms of lung ischemia reperfusion injury（LIRI），especially the inflammatory response. Methods：24 piglets were divided randomly into four groups：regular CPB reperfusion group（baseline group，n=6），DHCA group without lung IP（control group，n=6），DHCA group with single pulmonary artery（PA） perfusion twice in the lung IP process（IP-1，n=6），and DHCA group with lung ventilation together with PA perfusion twice in the lung IP process（IP-2，n=6）. Blood was simultaneously drawn from the left atrium（LA） and thepulmonary artery（PA）；The levels of TNF-α，IL-8 and IL-10，as well as the adhesion molecules CD18 on leukocytes，were determined. As a measure of the pulmonary release，ratios of LA/PA levels were calculated.A piece of lung tissue was taken to measure the wet to dry lung weight ratio（W/D） at three time points. Results：（1）The lung itself significantly produced more TNF-α，IL-8 and IL-10 after CPB in each group；Compared with baseline group，LA/PA ratios for TNF-α at 1 h post-CPB in both control group and IP-1 group were signifi－cantly increased，the ratios for IL-8 in control group after CPB and in IP-1 group at the end of CPB were significantly increased，the ratios for IL-10 in other three groups were all increased；Compared with control group，LA/PA ratios for TNF-α in IP-2 group at 1 h Post-CPB were significantly decreased，the ratios for IL-8 and IL-10 were all significantly decreased in IP groups.（3）Compared with Pre-CPB，LA/PA ratios of CD18 on monocytes only in control group significantly decreased after CPB，whereas ratios of CD18 on PolymorPhonuclear leukocytes（PMNs）in IP-1 group at 1 h Post-CPB and in both control group and IP-2 group after CPB were significantly decreased；Compared with baseline group，LA/PA ratios of CD18 on monocytes in control group after CPB and in IP-1 group at 1 h Post-CPB were significantly increased，the ratios of CD18 on PMNs in both control group and IP-1 group after CPB and in IP-2 group at the end of CPB were significantly increased；Compared with control group，LA/PA ratios of CD18 on monocytes in IP-2 group and ratios of CD18 on PMNs in both IP-1 and IP-2 groups at 1 h Post-CPB were significantly increase.（4）Compared with Pre-CPB，lung W/D ratios in both control and IP-2 group after CPB and in IP-1 group at 1 h Post-CPB were significantly increased；Compared with baseline group，ratios in control group after CPB and in IP-1 group at 1 h Post-CPB were significantly increased；Compared with control group，only in IP-2 group the ratios signifi－cantly decreased. Conclusion：Our data indicate that DHCA aggravates lung inflammatory response during CPB；lung IP has a pro－tective effect in LIRI during DHCA；moreover，maintaining ventilation together with PA perfusion in the lung IP process during CPB trends to excel single PA perfusion.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the correlation between the expression of HMGB1 and the airway remodeling，pulmonary vascular reconstruction in COPD. Methods：24 SD rats were divided into 3 groups randomly． Healthy control group（Group A）：rats were bred for 6 weeks in normal circumstance before controlling a test later． COPD group（Group B）：200 μg LPS was instilled intratracheally once on d1 and d14 in all rats． These rats were exposed to cigarette smoke 1 h/d for 6 weeks. COPD and chronic hypoxia group （Group C）：200 μg LPS was instilled intratracheally once on d1 and d14 and the rats were exposed to cigarette smoke 1 h/d for 6 weeks． In the last 2 weeks chronic hypoxia（FiO2=0.18） 8 h/d were performed simultaneously． We studied airway wall remodeling and morphologic changes of small pulmonary arteries． The positive expression of HMGB1 in lung tissue was examined by Western blot． Results：①Compared with group A，the ratio of bronchial wall thickness over bronchial external diameter（MT％）and the ratio of bronchial wall area over total area（MA％）were significantly higher in group B&C（P<0.05）． ②The muscularization of intra-aveolar arteries in group B&C was more severe than that in group A（P<0.05）． The cross-sectional medial vascular wall area of pulmonary arteries was increased significantly in group C（P<0.05）.③Western blot showed that compared with group A，the expression of HMGB1 protein in group B&C was significantly increased（P<0.05）． The expression of HMGB1 protein in group C was higher than that of group B（P<0.05）． Conclusion：With the progression of COPD，the airway remodeling and pulmonary vascular reconstruction aggravates progressively，while the expression of HMGB1 is increased in lung tissue． There may be some relevance between the expression of HMGB1 and the airway remodeling，and pulmonary vascular reconstruction．

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the protective effects of rapamycin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats，with the model of global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion established by means of ligating bilateral carotid arteries. Methods：Cerebral ischemia was produced by transient occlusion of bilateral carotid arteries for 20 minutes. The rapamycin treated group received an intracerebroven－tricular injection of rapamycin（10 mmol/L） 30 minutes and 12 hours before cerebral ischemia.Serial coronal sections of the brains were collected every 250 ?滋m 24 hours after ischemia-reperfusion，then each frozen brain slice was selected to stain using cresyl violet and observed under light microscope unbiased counting method was used to calculate the cell density of the sham-operation （SO） group，treatment control （TC） group and rapamycin injection （RI） group. Results：①The cells of prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe in the molecular layer in TC group reduced obviously compared with SO group（P<0.05）.②The cell density of the temporal lobe molecular layer in RI group 12 hours before ischemia increased significantly compared with TC group（P<0.05）.③The cell density of the pre－frontal cortex in RI group both 30 minutes and 12 hours before cerebral ischemia was higher than that in TC group and the increase in RI group 12 hours before cerebral ischemia was much more significant（P<0.05）. Conclusion：Rapamycin has protective effects a－gainst cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats，and the protective effects are closely related to the administration time.

Abstract:Objective：To observe the effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound（LIPU） on penetration of methylene blue into knee car－tilage of normal rabbit. Methods：5 ml 0.1% Methylene blue solution were injected into both articular cavities of hind legs of nine New Zeland rabbits. One of the hind legs of each rabbit was distributed randomly into treatment group and treated with LIPU，while the oth－er into control group with dummy treatment. All animals were sacrificed after a five-minute LIPU treatment. Cartilages of femur inter－condylar fossa were removed and cut into slices，and the photos were taken under anatomic microscope. The depths of methylene blue penetrating into articular cartilage were measured. Pair matched analysis was performed to learn if there is a signifficent difference between the two groups. Results：Penetration of methylene blue into articular cartilage in LIPU group were deeper than that in con－trol group（P<0.05）. Conclusion：LIPU enhances methylene blue penetration into articular cartilage，which indicates LIPU may improve nutrition supply of articular cartilage.

Abstract:Objective：To observe the effects of Shuangge Jiecheng Pill on vigor of ADH，GGT，ALT，AST and hepatic tissue protein（HTP），UA，AKP，organ indexes，fatty degeneration degree and inflammation activity in rats of alcoholic fatty liver，and approach its hepatic protective effects. Methods：The model of alcoholic fatty liver disease rat was induced by intragastric administration. 60 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: 10 were control group，10 model group，10 tiopronin （TP） group and 30 Shuangge Jiecheng Pill（SG） group with high dose（HD），middle dose（MD） and low dose（LD） respectively. SG group were treated with different dosages of Shuangge Jiecheng Pill（20，10，5 g crude drug/（kg·d） and compared with TP group administrated by tiopronin tablet（40 mg/kg）for 4 weeks. The changes of ADH，GGT，ALT，AST，HTP，UA，AKP，organ indexes，fatty degeneration degree and inflammation activity of the rats in the different experimental groups were observed. Results:Compared with the control group，GGT，ALT，AST，UA，AKP and the liver indexes in the model group were obviously increased（P＜0.05） while ADH，HTP，thoracic gland indexes and the body weights were decreased（P＜0.01） and the pathologic hepatic tissue was seen. After the experiment and compared with the model group，the liver indexes in the TP and SG group of HD，MD and LD were obviously changed（P＜0.01） and fatty degeneration degree and inflam－mation activity were lightened. And the indexes in SG group of HD were changed more obviously（P＜0.01） than those of SG group of MD and LD. Conclusion:Shuangge Jiecheng Pill is an effective method for alcoholic fatty liver disease by promoting the metabolism of alcohol，lessening the accumulation of fat in the liver，relieving the hepatocellular damage and resisting impairments to hepatic pro－tein resulting from alcohol. The effect of SG group of HD is significantly superior to the others.

Abstract:Objective：To observe the effects of phthalate acid esters （PAEs） on the gene expression of peroxisome prolifcrator activat－ed receptor gamma2 （PPAR-γ2） in primary rat adipocytes. Methods：Adipocytes in cultures were exposed to PAEs. Main experi－ments：①observed morphological changes of adipocytes by microscope every day；②Oil red O staining and MTT assay method were used to check the growth status of adipocytes；③Total RNA from these adipocytes was extracted by reverse transcription PCR. Results：①Morphological of adipocytes with PAEs changed from Small round to spindle and finally turned into oval. lipochondrion was observed in adipocytes. Along with the increase of culturing time，lipochondrion in adipocytes gradually increase，finally part of lipochondrion fusion to a bigger lipochondrion，accord with the developing law of adipocytes.②A large lipochondrion was present as medium of concentration of PAEs increased；③The expression of PPAR-γ2 increased as concentration of PAEs increased. The results of this study will provide the scientific basis for the relationship with obesity，and provide a new idea for the the further research of the effects of PAEs to health. Conclusion：The major role of adipocytes growth perhaps is that PAEs enhanced the expression of PPAR-γ 2.

Abstract:Objective：To prepare and characterize magnetic microspheres coated with copolymers of two unsaturated esters of Polyethylene glycol（PEG）. Methods：Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by a chemical co-precipitation method.Magnetic microspheres were prepared by coating Fe3O4 cores with copolymers of monomethoxyl-PEG 350 acrylate and the single maleic acid ester of PEG 1540. Hydroxyl groups on the surfaces were converted to methanesulfonate that was reacted with ethylene diamine；the resulting amino groups were modified with an activated biotin ester. Microsphere sizes were examined by transmission electronic microscopy. The specific bindings were tested with streptavidin labeled by alkaline phosphatase；the nonspecific bindings were tested with 4-nitro-1-naphthylol benzoate and analyzed via HPLC-UV. Results：Fe3O4 cores had the diameters of about 60 nm with wide distributions while the biotinylated magnetic microspheres had the diameters of about 200 nm. The biotinylated magnetic microspheres selectively recov－ered the labeled streptavidin from the lysate of E.coli with a binding capacity of about 51 ng protein/g magnetic microspheres.4-nitro-1-naphthylol benzoate at low concentrations had negligible bindings; its binding ratio increased but still had no significance even at 64 μmol/L. Conclusion：Hydrophilic magnetic microspheres prepared by coating Fe3O4 cores with copolymers of two unsaturated es－ters of PEG can be functionalized to exert the designed specific interactions while negligible nonspecific interactions with hydrophobic compounds，but the binding capacity needs further enhancement.

Abstract:Objective：To study the in situ visual imaging of near-infrared quantum dots （NIRF-QDs） epidermal growth factor recep－tor monoclonal antibody（EGFR mAb） fluorescent probes on the U14 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenograft tumors. Methods：Epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies were coupled to near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots （QD800） to prepare near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots-EGFR mAb probes（QD800-EGFR mAb）. The squamous cell carcinoma U14 with high expression of EGFR and QD800-EGFR mAb were cocultured to observe the combination in vitro；serial visual in vivo imaging of U14 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenograft tumors was done after intravenous injection of QD800-EGFR mAb. Results：Experiments in vitro showed that QD800-EGFR mAb could bind specifically to U14 cells.In vivo imaging showed that clear visu－al in situ fluorescence imaging of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma could be achieved after intravenous injection of QD800-EGFR mAb，and the fluorescence imaging lasted up to 24 h during which the most complete and highest signal to noise ratio of tumor in vivo imaging was in 1～6 h. Conclusion：EGFR target based near near-infrared quantum dots technique has unique advantages and prospects for the occurrence and development study，visual in situ imaging and individual treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract:Objective：To establish and optimize a set of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis（2-DE） techniques for proteomic research of sperm protein of varicocele patients. Methods：Spermatozoa in the semen were purified by Percoll gradient technique. The effects of different sample preparation methods，different gels，different amount of protein loads and different rehydration methods to the 2-DE maps were compared. Results：After the sample was treated with clean-up kit，a high resolution and clear 2-DE map for sperm pro－tein of varicocele patients was obtained with pH 5~8 gel，250 μg protein loads and initiative rehydration method. Conclusion：The 2-DE map of sperm protein of varicocele patients is successfully obtained with good repeatability and high resolution，which paves the way for the further proteomic research of infertility caused by varicocele.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the thickness of buccal cortical bone at different height in posterior area of maxilla and mandible where mini-plants was inserted． Methods：Thirty cone-beam CT（CBCT） images were selected from the Affilited Stomatology Hospi－tal，Chongqing Medical University. Thickness of cortical bone between canine distal and second molar mesial at the height of 3，5，and 7 mm from the alveolar crest was determined. The data were analyzed statistically. Results：The thickness of buccal cortical bone in the mandible posterior area was greater than that of maxilla（P＜0.001）. Between canine and first molar in maxilla the thickness was the minimum at the height of 5 mm from the alveolar crest.The thickness of cortical bone between first molar and second molar in maxilla and mandible became greater along with the distance increase from the alveolar crest. Conclusion：The thickness of buccal cortical bone changes along with the position changing sagittally and vertically，which should be considered in mini-plants implanta－tion. Between canine and first molar in maxilla，a position as far from or close to the alveolar crest as possible is optimal，while in mandible and between first molar and second molar in maxilla，a position as far from the alveolar crest as possible is the best.

Abstract:Objective：To use Meta analysis to evaluate the short term efficacy and safety of endostar plus chemotherapy in the treat－ment of advanced NSCLC，and to compare it with the chemotherapy containing platinum alone. Methods：Cochrane systematic evalu－ation was used to search literatures from VIP，CBM，WanFang Data，PubMed，CNKI，etc. on Internet.Literatures from other sources were also searched by hand. The literature quality was independently evaluated and cross-checked by four evaluators according to the Jadad scale，and the results of homogeneous studies were analysed with RevMan4.2 software. Results：11 literatures（1 012 cases） were selected to the Meta analysis，and the analysis suggested that compared to the chemotherapy containing platinum alone，the combina－tion with endostar had a statistically significant benefit in OR（overall response rate）（RR=1.89，95%CI：1.55-2.29，P<0.000 01） and CBR（clinical benefit rate）（RR=1.21，95%CI：1.12-1.30，P<0.000 01）.The combination had no statistically significant benefit in leukopenia，nausea and vomiting，liver function，kidney function and alopecia，but had statistically significant benefit in arrhythmia. Conclusion：Compared to the chemotherapy containing platinum alone，endostar plus the chemotherapy can improve OR and CBR in the treatment for the advanced non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC）. The combination has not increased the incidence rate of ad－verse events significantly.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the distribution characteristics of inhaled allergen in Chongqing area and to provide references for preventing allergic diseases. Methods：All cases were collected from the Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical Univer－sity from May 2005 to December 2009.13 841 children with allergic diseases underwent skin prick test（SPT）. The distribution char－acteristics were analyzed by SPSS 17.0. Results：The total positive rate of allergen was 80.3%，of which Dermatophagoides farinae（Der f） was the highest （67.6%），then followed by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus（Der p）（67.5%） and Blomia tropicalis（42.8%）.From May 2005 to December 2009，the positive rate and positive degree of the 3 kinds of mites were stable except in 2006. With the age increasing，the positive rate ascended in mites（Der f，Der p，Blomia tropicalis），American cockroach，Blatella germanica，cat hair and dog dander，but PollenⅠ，Mycetes Ⅳ and ragweed showed opposite tendency. The 13 categories sensibiligen could be divided into 4 clusters：Der p and Der f，Blomia troplis，Blatella germanica，and others. Conclusion：Dermatophagoides farinae，Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Blomia tropicalis are the most prevalent allergens in Chongqing area in the past 5 years. The different age groups show different reactions in SPT. The clinical characters of Blomia troplis are different from Der p and Der f，and specific immune ther－apy that points to Blomia troplis in subtropical areas should be paid attention.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine（DEX） combined with propofol on the postoperative cardiovascular responseses，inhibition index of energy and recovery time in patients undergoing eleotroconvulsive therapy and to investigate the effi－cacy and the security of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol for ECT． Methods：Sixty MECT patients were randomized into two groups：DEX group（n=30），with DEX 1.0 μg/kg，administered 10 min preoperatively； and NS group（n=30），with normal saline of the same volume administered．Anesthesia was induced with propofol till appearance of slow wave sleep by dynamic electroencephalogra－phy（EEG） or disappearance of lash reflex． Then succinylcholine 1/（mg·kg） was administered． Mean arterial blood pressure（MAP） and Heart rate（HR） were recorded prior to anesthesia，10 min after DEX administration and at each time point after MECT were recorded as well as seizure duration，the inhibition index of energy and the time points of resuscitation． Results：Compared with NS group，HR and mean arterial pressure（MAP） in the DEX group declined 10 min after administration and 1 min and 3 min after seizure and the time points of resuscitation. While the differences at 1 min and 3 min had statistical significance（P<0.05），and the peaks HR and MAP were lower in the dexmedetomidine groups compared with the NS group（P<0．05）． However，the inhibition index of energy in the DEX groups were similar to those in the NS group（P>0．05）． But the resuscitation time was markedly retarded in DEX group in comparison with NS group（P>0．05）． Conclusion：DEX 1.0 μg/kg Ⅳ slowly administered over 10 min before the induction of anesthesia with propofol is safe and effective for MECT．

Abstract:Objective：To study and summarize the clinical feature and chest radiograph feature of acquired immune deficiency syn－drome（AIDS）combined with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia（PCP），so as to improve the clinicians’ understanding of the PCP and the level of diagnosis and treatment. Methods：The clinical data of 15 AIDS patients combined with PCP in respiratory department of our hospital from Mar. 2010 to Sep. 2011 were studied prospectively， including history， signs， chest imageolgy，laboratory tests，lung biopsy pathological examination，treatment，prognosietc，et al. Results：The clinical features of AIDS patients combined with PCP are fever，cough，dyspnea. Patients often have no positive signs in the lungs，some patients could have moist rales（13.3%） or crackles （20%）. The typical chest radiograph feature is ground-glass shadows in both lungs. There is a development tendency from hilar to peripheral lung field，and may be associated with reticular shadows or “gravel sign”. Of 15 patients，only 3 patients were given bron－choalveolar lavage （BALF） and diagnosed with PCP as pneumocystis cysts were found through silver staining of the fluid. The other patients were clinically diagnosed. All the patients were treated with sulfamethoxazole （SMZco，100%） and corticosteroids （86.7%）. Conclusion：Whenever a patient got fever，cough，dyspnea，especially ground glass were found in the lungs by the chest radiograph，AIDS combined with PCP should be highly considered，and diagnostic treatment with SMZco should be performed as soon as possi－ble，so as to reduce misdiagnosis rate and mortality.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the effect of different analgesia methods on chronic postoperative pain after cesarean section. Methods：150 monomorphic primiparas scheduled for elective cesarean section under epidural anesthesia were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive 10 mg/ml tramadol through patient controlled intravenous analgesia（group PCIA，n=50），receive 1.5 mg/ml ropiva－caine plus 5 mg/ml tramadol through patient controlled epidural analgesia（group PCEA，n=50） and receive 100 mg tramadol by muscle injection per 12 hours （group MI，n=50）. Postoperative analgesia lasted 48 hours in each group. VAS scores，tramadol con－sumption，the events of requiring rescue analgesia as well as side effects such as nausea and vomiting during the first 48 hours follow－ing surgery were recorded. The incidence of chronic pain was observed at the third and sixth months after operation. Results：In the first 24 hours after operation，VAS score in group PCEA was significantly lower than in other groups，and group PCIA had lower VAS score than group MI. In the second 24 hours，VAS scores were equivalent among the 3 groups.The consumption of tramadol during analgesia period was the lowest in group MI and highest in group PCIA. The rate of requiring rescue analgesia was the lowest in group PCEA whereas highest in group MI. The occurrences of nausea and vomiting were similar in group MI and group PCIA，which were significantly higher than in group PCEA. The incidence rate of pain after operation was significantly lower in group PCEA than in other groups in the third and sixth months，and lower in group PCIA than in group MI at the same time. The pain intensity was lower in group PCEA than in group PCIA as well as group MI three months after operation. Conclusion：PCEA is a good alternative in pre－venting the development of chronic pain after cesarean section.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the computed tomography（CT） feature of hypopharyngeal carcinoma and investigate its differentia－tion from other hypopharyngeal diseases. Methods：CT findings of 21 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma and other hypopharyngeal diseases which are necessary to differentiate from hypopharyngeal carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed，all of which were con－firmed by surgery or pathology. Results：Of 21 cases，there were 13 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma，5 cases of hypopharynx in－flammation，1 case of hypopharyngeal cyst，1 case of hypopharyngeal lymphoma and 1 case of hypopharyngeal polyp. Of the 13 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma，CT found location at pyriform sinus in 10 cases，at posterior wall of hypopharynx in 2 cases，at postcricoid in 1 case. The main manifestations of hypopharyngeal carcinoma were soft tissue density mass located at one side of pyri－form sinus or retropharynx or postcricoid，thickening of retropharyngeal soft tissue，inhomogeneous enhancement，usually widening of cricoid cartilage-vertebra or arytenoid cartilage-vertebra distance（≥1 cm），involving larynx and neighboring structures，parapharyngeal structures and adjacent cervical soft tissue，destructed laryngeal cartilage，invaded esophagus and metastasis of cervical lymph nodes. Conclusion：CT is useful for observing the site，shape，size and invasive extent of hypopharyngeal carcinoma as well as lymph node metastases.The widening of cricoid cartilage-vertebra or arytenoid cartilage-vertebra distance is the characteristic feature of hypopha－ryngeal carcinoma and necessary to differentiate from other hypopharyngeal diseases.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect of nutrition intervention-oriented comprehensive treatment on obese children and ado－lescents with hypertension. Methods：Totally 72 obese children and adolescents with hypertension，aged 6~18 years，were enrolled. The total calories of diet were based on age，sex，height and degree of obesity，usually 4 180~7 524 kJ/d，which contained 20%~25% proteins，25%~30% fats，and 45%~50% carbohydrates. Besides nutrition intervention，the measurement included physical activities more than 30 min a day and supplements with vitamin compounds and trace elements daily. Results：After nutrition intervention-oriented comprehensive treatment，the values of BMI，SP，DP were statistically lower （P<0.05）. The response rate was 79.2%（57/72），the im－provement rate was 16.7%（12/72） and the ineffectiveness rate was 4.1%（3/72）. Conclusion：The nutrition intervention-oriented com－prehensive treatment can prevent and cure hypertension among obese children and adolescents

Abstract:Objective：To survey and analyze the positive results of syphilis and HIV from the inpatients before operation and blood transfusion in our hospital during 2007 and 2011，so as to understand the change of the infection rates. Methods：The syphilis was de－tected by ELISA method first，then the positive samples were confirmed by TPPA method. The HIV was also detected by ELISA method first，then the positive samples were confirmed by Western blot. Results：The positive rate of syphilis was 2.29% in 2007 and 3.60% in 2011 respectively，and there was significant difference in statistic（P<0.005）；the positive rate of HIV was 0.05% in 2007 and 0.33% in 2011 respectively，and there was also significant difference in statistic（P<0.005）. Conclusion：The positive rates of syphilis and HIV from the inpatients before operation and blood transfusion changed obviously in our hospital.It is important to strengthen the de－tection of syphilis and HIV for the inpatients.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the clinical efficacy of retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy （LRN） in treating localized renal cell carcinoma. Methods：134 cases of renal cell carcinoma were reviewed for their diagnosis and treatment；the clinical data of 66 cases （group LRN） with renal neoplasm received retroperitoneal LRN and 68 cases （group ORN） with renal neoplasm received open radical nephrectomy were retrospectively analyzed. Results：There was no significant difference between the two groups about in age，sex，max diameter of tumor，tumor location，tumor stage and pathologic diagnosis （P>0.05）. But for the clinical effect indexes，such as operating time，blood loss，recovery time of bowel function，hospital stay and complication incidence rate，the LRN group was sig－nificantly different from ORN group（P<0.05）. The follow-up was 3～40 months.4 cases had distant metastasis；2 patients received im－munotherapy plus sorafenib targeted therapy and kept progression-free survival，while 2 patients received only immunotherapy，1 of whom died of tumor metastasis and 1 had tumor progression. Conclusion：Retroperitoneal LRN with minimal invasion and rapid re－covery，has a similar oncologic effect for localized renal cancer with traditional open surgery. Sorafenib targeted therapy should be pre－ferred for patients with post-operative recurrence or metastasis.

Abstract:Objective：To discuss the causes of misdiagnosis of an intervertebral infection case and summarize experiences so as to avoid misdiagnosis. Methods：Causes of misdiagnosis were discussed and analyzed，and experiences were summarized based on the detailed clinical data. Results：Insufficient knowledge of intervertebral space infection，of which the incidence rate is low，and failure to analyze the case comprehensively and meticulously enough were the main causes of misdiagnosis. Conclusion：Patients should be highly considered the possibility of intervertebral space infection，who have fever and severe spastic low back pain with erythrocyte sedimentation rate （ESR） and C-reactive protein （CRP） increased，with MRI showing T1WI low signal and T2WI high signal lesion.