Abstract:Objective：To investigate the correlation between changes of the volume of the myelinated nerve fibers in mouse hippocam－pus and altered behaviors with a novel schizophrenia-like animal model which was established by treating C57BL/6 mice with cupri－zone（CPZ）. Methods：Totally 19 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Experimental mice received powdered rodent chow containing 0.2% CPZ for 6 weeks to establish a schizophrenia-like mouse model，while control mice were fed with standard rodent chow for 6 weeks. Open field test，elevated plus maze test，Morris water maze test，turn-club test and hole board test were used to estimate behavior changes. Anti-myelin basic protein（MBP） immunohistochemistry stain－ing and transmission electron microscope were used to investigate the structure changes of myelin sheaths. Volume density and total volume of the myelinated nerve fibers in the hippocampus were investigated with the stereological methods. Correlation between altered behaviors and changed myelinated nerve fibers in the hippocampus was estimated with correlation analysis. Results：Mean weight was significantly decreased in experiment group than in control group（P<0.05）.Behavior test results indicated that nervous re－sponse and spatial cognitive ability of experimental mice was significantly worse than those of control mice（P=0.018，P=0.037），while action ability，exploration ability and working memory of experimental mice were not significantly different from those of control mice（P=0.443，P=0.306，P=0.462）. MBP positive nerve fibers in the hippocampus were apparently fewer than in experimental mice than in control mice. Demyelination of the myelinated nerve fibers in the hippocampus was observed under transmission electron microscope. Volume of hippocampus of experimental mice was not significantly changed compared with that of control group（P=0.955），while total volume of the mylinated nerve fibers in the hippocampus of experimental mice was significantly less than that of the control mice（P=0.009）. Correlation analysis results suggested that the close-arm distance rate was significantly and positively correlated with volume of the myelinated nerve fibers in the hippocampus（rs=0.83，P=0.003），while the open-arm distance rate was negatively correlated with volume of the myelinated nerve fibers in the hippocampus（rs=-0.65，P=0.043）. Conclusions：The study further demonstrates that CPZ-treated mice display schizophrenia-like behavior changes and mylinated nerve fibers in its hippocampus undergo pathological change of demylination. Moreover，present results indicate that changed volume of the mylinated nerve fibers in the hippocampus is correlated with altered behaviors.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion on astrocytes in mice brain. Methods：Three months old C57 mice were subjected to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion with 2 vessels occlusion or sham operation. Anilin blue staining was used to prove the effectiveness of the model. Pathological changes of astrocytes were examined by immunohistochemicalstaining（IHC） of glial fibrillary acidic protein（GFAP）. Western blot was employed to test the levels of GFAP in brain. Results：After the Anilin blue perfusion，cerebrum of model 0 h group was not dyed while that of sham control group was dyed dark blue. After chronic cerebral hypoperfusion，astrocytes were proliferated and manifested as cell quantity increase，cellular hypertrophy and processes. Two months after model establishment，number of GFAP positive cells was increased，dying was deepened and integrated optical density was enhanced compared with those in sham control group，with statistical differences（P<0.05）. Intracerebral GFAP expression in model group was increased significantly compared with that in sham control group，with statistical differences（P<0.05）. Conclusions：Astro－cytes are consistently proliferated after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion，which play an important role in irreversible pathological changes after cerebral ischemia.

Abstract:Objective：To observe the effect of curcumin on expression of scavenger receptor class B typeⅠ（SR-BⅠ） and ATP-bind－ing cassette transporter 1（ABCA1） in neurons of hippocampus of APPswe/PSEN1dE9 double transgenic mice and to investigate the mechanism of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods：Ten six-month-old APPswe/PSEN1dE9 double transgenic mice were randomly divided into control group and curcumin group． Each group had 5 mice. Mice in curcumin group were fed curcumin 500 ppm every day. Six months later，changes of the expression of SR-BⅠ and ABCA1 in neurons of hippicampus were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results：Expression of ABCA1 in neurons of hippocampus of mice in curcumin group was increased significantly compared with that of control group（t=-10.805，P=0.000） while expression of SR-BⅠ was not detected in both groups. Conclusions：Curcumin can induce expression of ABCA1 in neurons of hippocampus of APPswe/PSEN1dE9 double transgenic mice while expressions of SR-BⅠ can not be detected in neurons.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect of curcumin on serum total cholesterol（TC） and high-density lipoprotein（HDL） and expression of ATP binding cassette transport protein A1（ABCA1） and apolipoprotein A1（apoA1） in CA1 region of hippocampus in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice. Methods：Alzheimer’s disease（AD） model was established with APP/PS1 double transgenic mice，which were fed for 6 months with different concentrations of curcumin diet. Immunohistochemistry（SP） was applied to evaluate the expressive change of ABCA1 and apoA1 in CA1 region of hippocampus of transgenic mice. Colorimetric method was applied to detect the content of TC and HDL in blood serum of transgenic mice. Results：After feeding transgenic mice with curcumin diet，expression of ABCA1 and apoA1 in CA1 region of hippocampus was increased in concentration dependent manner（P=0.005，0.003；P=0.025，0.001）. Content of HDL in blood serum was increased too while TC was decreased with significant differences between groups（P=0.041，0.010；P=0.046，0.002）. Conclusions：ABCA1 may play an important role in the generation or development of AD. Curcumin may lower the content of cholesterol by raising expression of ABCA1 and content of apoA1 and HDL.

Abstract:Objective：To study the relationship of brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF） and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor（AMPA） receptor without GLuR2，to further regulate BDNF and the receptor of AMPA and to pro－vide theoretical basis for protecting hippocampal neuron. Methods：Eight pregnant SD rats of 17-18 d were selected and their fetal rats’ hippocampal cells were separated and cultured. The cells were randomly divided into normal group（N group），BDNF group，N+NASPM group and BDNF+NASPM group. All groups were treated with Synapto GreenTM C4（FM1-43） and patch clamp. Quantity of synaptic vesicles and the function of synapse were recorded. Results：Results showed that the second fluorescene intensity of BDNF group（750.23±137.81） was obvious higher than that of N group（554.41±16.42）（ χ2=7.22，P=0.030）；while fluorescene intensity of BDNF+NASPM group（525.93±72.64） was lower than that of BDNF group（ χ2=13.18，P=0.000），indicating that BDNF regulating AMPA receptor without GluR2 may be one of the mechanisms of BDNF increasing the function of synaptic vesicle. What’s more，BDNF group had higher frequency（3.34±0.280） and amplitude（-25.00±2.57） of AMPA receptor micro excitatory postsynaptic currents compared with those of N group（1.730±0.217）（P=0.000） and （-16.3±1.98）（P=0.000）. After BDNF group being adding NASPM，frequency（1.740±0.207）（P=0.000） and amplitude（-15.50±2.52）（P=0.000） were reduced，indicating that BDNF can increase AMPA receptor mEPSCs by regulating the AMPA receptor without GluR2. Conclusions：BDNF may partially adjust the AMPA receptor without GluR2 subunit to enhance the function of AMPA and activate the synaptic vesicles.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the alteration of electrophysiology and the change of expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF） in hippocampus of juvenile rats following a status convulsion（SC） and to explore the relationship between the two. Methods：Totally 21-day-old Wistar rats were divided into control group（n=80） and experiment group（n=80）. Rats in control group were injected with normal saline. Intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride-pilocarpine was conducted to establish SC model. Changes in slope and amplitude of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials（fEPSP） on 1，7，14，21 d after model establishment were detected by patch clamp technique and long-term potentiation（LTP was compared. Location of BDNF in the hippocampus was observed by immunohistochemistry at 12 h and on 1，3，7，14，21 d after SC. Expression of BDNF was quantitatively analyzed by Western blot. Results：（1）Slope of fEPSP on 7 d after SC was significantly higher in experiment group（162.30±28.50）% than in control group（124.01±26.46）%（P<0.05）. Slopes of fEPSP on 14 d after SC in experiment group and control group were （83.06±8.32）% and（121.64±23.12）%，respectively；amplitudes in experiment group and control group were （100.54±16.03）% and （135.65±35.85）%，respectively；slope and amplitude were decreased in experiment group than in control group with statistical differences（P<0.05）. （2）Im－munohistochemistry showed that positive staining of BDNF in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampus was enhanced after SC；enhance－ment of positive staining of BDNF in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampus was higher in experiment group than in control group at 12 h and on 1，3，7 d after SC and there was no differences between two group on 14，21 d after SC. （3）According to the results of Western blot，expression of BDNF in experiment group and control group at 12 h and on 1，3，7 d after SC was 1.08±0.10，1.39±0.08，0.85±0.04，0.53±0.06 and 0.39±0.16，0.37±0.03，0.39±0.02，0.37±0.04 respectively，with statistical differences between the two groups（P<0.05）. Conclusions：（1）Slope of fEPSP of juvenile rats on 7 d after SC is significantly increased in experiment group than in con－trol group and slope and amplitude of juvenile rats on 14 d after SC are significantly decreased in experiment group and control group，which indicates that LTP can be increased at acute stage after SC and be decreased at latency stage. （2）Expression of BDNF can be influenced by SC based on results of immunohistochemistry and Western blot and expression of BDNF can be increased at a－cute stage after SC. （3）BDNF plays an important role in the formation of LTP.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the cell death mechanism in hippocampal CA1 region of rats with global cerebral ischemic injury. Methods：Global cerebral ischemia model was established using bilateral carotid artery occlusion method and samples were acquired at 0，5，10，15，20，25，30 min respectively after model establishment. Model identification was made by TTC staining and brain wa－ter content detection. Morphological changes in hippocampal CA1 region of rats with global cerebral ischemic injury were observed by optical and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to detect the protein expression of poly adeno－sine diphosphate ribose polymerase-1（PARP-1） and Caspase-3 in hippocampal CA1 region of rats. Results：Positive expression of PARP-1 was located in nerve nucleus in hippocampal CA1 region and positive expression of Caspase-3 was located in the cyto－plasm. PARP-1 expressed mildly in hippocampal CA1 region at 0 min（0.023 3±0.035 1），obviously enhanced at 5 min（1.063 3±0.090 7 and continued until 30 min（1.490 0±0.183 3），which was different from that of 0 min（P=0.000）. Caspase-3 expressed neg－atively at 0 min of ischemia and expressed positively at 5 min of ischemia（0.080 0±0.020 0） and lastes for 30 min. there were sta－tistical differences in expression of Caspase-3 at 5 min and 0 min（P=0.006）. Conclusions：Oncosis involves in the cell death of glob－al cerebral ischemic injury and the reason is excessive activation of PARP-1 after ischemic brain injury.

Abstract:Objective：To study the variation of Th1/Th17/Th9 cells which produce cytokines and to explore the correlation between these cells and pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis（EAMG） young mice after being treated with dual ana－logue（Lys262-Ala207） to create immune tolerance effect through nasal mucosa. Methods：Thirty young C57BL/6 female rats were ran－domized into three groups：model group，tolerance group and control group. Rats in model group were injected with 0.2 ml Ringer’s containing mAb35（1.0 mg/kg） to establish EAMG model；rats in tolerance group were given Lys262-Ala207 intranasally for ten successive days before immunization then were injected 0.2 ml Ringer’s containing mAb35（1.0 mg/kg）；rats in control group were intraperi－toneally injected 0.2 ml Ringer’s without containing mAb35（1.0 mg/kg）. Cells of CD4+ IFN-γ+，CD4+ IL-17+ and CD4+ IL-9+，which respectively represent the cells of Th1/Th17/Th9 in spleen cell of young rats were detected by flow cytometry. IFN-γ、IL-17 and IL-9 in supernatant of spleen cell were detected by Antibody-sandwich ELISA. Results：（1）Clinical symptom of myas－thenia was less obvious in control group than in model group and tolerance group and clinical symptom of myasthenia was alleviated in tolerance group than in model group after being given dual analogue. （2）There were significant differences in the content of CD4+ IFN-γ+ among three groups（model group，tolerance group and control group）（P=0.00）；content of CD4+ IFN-γ+ was higher in model group than in the other groups（P=0.00） and content of CD4+ IFN-γ+ was higher in tolerance group than in control group（P=0.00）. （3）There were significant differences in the content of CD4+ IL-17+ among three groups（model group，tolerance group and control group）（P=0.00）；content of CD4+ IL-17+ was higher in model group than in the other groups（P=0.00） and content of CD4+ IL-17+ was higher in tolerance group than in control group（P=0.00）. （4）There were significant differences in the content of CD4+ IL-9+ among three groups（model group，tolerance group and control group）（P=0.00）；content of CD4+ IL-9+ was higher in model group than in the other groups（P=0.00） and content of CD4+ IL-9+ was higher in tolerance group than in control group（P=0.00）. （5）There were significant differences in the content of IFN-γ、IL-17 and IL-9 in supernatant of spleen cell among three groups（model group，toler－ance group and control group）（P=0.00） indicating that the content was higher in model group than in the other groups（P=0.00） and the content was higher in tolerance group than in control group（P=0.00）. Conclusions：Clinical symptom of myasthenia is relieved ef－fectively，content of CD4+ IFN-γ+，CD4+ IL-17+ and CD4+ IL-9+ as well as the content of IFN-γ、IL-17 and IL-9 which lead to sickness of rats is reduced and unbalance of cell of Th1/Th17/Th9 is relieved after young rats being treated with dual analogue（Lys262-Ala207） to create immune tolerance through nasal mucosa. This clarifies the role of dual analogue in the mechanism of immune tolerance of young rats.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effects of gene silencing of Clusterin（CLU） by lentiviurs-mediated RNA interference on ra－diosensitivity of human glioma U87 cell-line. Methods：shRNAs targeting CLU were cloned into lentiviral vector plentilox3.7 and scramble control shRNA was used as control. Lentiviruses expressing different shRNAs were packaged into 293T cells. Real-time PCR and Western blot were performed to examine mRNA and protein expression of CLU at 72 h after infection of lentivirus. After exposing to different doses of radiation（0，2，4，6 Gy），MTT assay was used to determine cell survival ratio and apoptotic ratio was also detected by flow cytometry. Changes of apoptotic proteins were examined by Western blot. Results：shRNA targeting CLU specifically inhibited the mRNA and protein level of CLU. MTT results showed that survival ratios of CLU-silencing cells under different doses of ionizing irradiation（4，6 Gy） were significantly lower compared with those of cells infected with virus expressing control shRNA（4 Gy：control shRNA vs. CLU shRNA1，P=0.000，control shRNA vs. CLU shRNA2，P=0.003；6 Gy：control shRNA vs. CLU shRNA1，P=0.000，control shRNA vs. CLU shRNA2，P=0.000）. Flow cytometry results showed that apoptotic ratios of CLU-silencing cells under 4 Gy treatment were increased to （35.54±0.95）%，nearly 2 folds higher than those of control cells（control shRNA vs. CLU shRNA1：P=0.000；control shRNA vs. CLU shRNA2：P=0.000）. Results of Western blot showed that gene silencing of CLU markedly upregu－lated apoptosis-related protein Bax expression. Conclusions：Gene silencing of CLU significantly enhances the radio-sensitivity of glioma U87 cell-line in vitro partially through upregulating apoptotic protein Bax. CLU may be a promising target during glioma therapy.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the expression of paeoniflorin（PF） on superoxide dismutase（SOD） and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2（Nrf2） in brain tissue of rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion at each time point and its neuroprotection. Methods：Totally 108 healthy adult male SD rats were randomized into sham operation group，model group，experimental group. Modified neurological severity score was detected at 3，6，12，24，48，72 h. Activity of SOD was detected by xanthine oxidase technique. Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Results：Compared with those in sham operation group，the modified neurological severity score was significantly higher，SOD activity was significantly decreased and Nrf 2 expression was increased in model group with statistically differences（P<0.05）. Compared with those in model group，giving paeoniflorin（20 mg/kg） can make the modified neurological severity score decrease，SOD activity increase，Nrf2 expression increase with statistically differences（P<0.05）. Conclusion：Paeoniflorin can reduce the oxidative damage in brain tissues of rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion caused by free radicals by improving the capacity of body eliminating free radicals and increasing the expression of Nrf2.

Abstract:Objective：To observe the expression of phosphorylated cAMP response-element binding protein（p-CREB） after epilepti－form discharge of hippocampal neurons. Methods：All cultured neurons were divided into two groups：epilepsy group：on the 10th d after the incubation，maintenance medium was replaced with magnesium-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 3 h；control group：on the 10th d after the incubation，maintenance medium was replaced with normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 3 h. Changes in ex－pressions of p-CREB and β-actin were observed by Western blot. Changes in p-CREB and neuronal nuclei（NeuN） expression was investigated by double labeled immunofluorescence. Results：Results of Western blot demonstrated that p-CREB expression was in－creased at 2 h after epileptiform discharges in epilepsy group than in control group，peaked at 6 h and maintained increased at 12 h and 24 h. Compared with that in control group，expression of p-CREB was significantly increased in epilepsy group at each time point（P＜0.01）. Immunofluorescence intensity of p-CREB was also increased significantly in epilepsy group than in control group（P＜0.01）. Conclusions：p-CREB expression in epileptiform damage neurons is significantly enhanced，which probably closely relate with epilep－tiform discharge.

Abstract:Objective：To observe the changes in nerve function recovery and the expression of Reelin，PI3KCA and synaptophysin in ischemic brain tissues of cerebral ischemic rats after treadmill training. Methods：A total of 54 rats were randomly divided into three groups：sham-operated group，ischemic control group and treadmill training group. Middle cerebral artery occlusion（MCAO） was used to create focal cerebral ischemic model in rats. Rats in E group underwent treadmill training for 16 d（15 m/min，30 min/d）. Modified neurological severity scores（mNSS） was used to evaluate the neurological function of rats in three groups. HE staining was used to observe nerve cell morphology in hippocampus of rats in three groups. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the number of Reelin-positive and PI3KCA-positive cells. Western blot was used to detect the level of Reelin and synaptophysin in ischemic cortexs of rats in three groups. Results：The mNSS of E group was lower than that of Ⅰ group on the 19th d post-MCAO（P<0.05）. The morphology of the hippocampal neurons in S group was normal，irregular and damaged in Ⅰ group，while alleviated after treadmill training. Both the expression of Reelin-positive and PI3KCA-positive cells in E group were higher than that in Ⅰ group（18.27±4.03 vs. 7.53±2.03，P＜0.01；10.27±1.62 vs. 5.40±1.84，P＜0.01）. The expression of Reelin and synaptophysin in ischemic cortexs of rats in E group was remarkably upregulated than that in S and Ⅰ group with statistical differences（P<0.05）. The expression of Reelin and synaptophysin in ischemic cortexs of rats in Ⅰ group was upregulated than that in S group without statistical differences（P>0.05）. Conclusions：Treadmill training can improve neurological function and upregulate the expression of Reelin，PI3KCA and synaptophysin after cerebral ischemia.

Abstract:Objective：To select microRNA，which plays an important role in the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells（VSMC） af－ter subarachnoid hemorrhage（SAH） by microRNA microarray. Methods：Firstly，the model of VSMC apoptosis after SAH was estab－lished，then，microRNA microarray was used to screen differentially expressed microRNA. Finally，the screened out microRNA145 was validated by qRT-PCR and biological information database was used to predict the possible target genes. Results：Model of VSMC apoptosis after SAH was established successfully. MTT assay showed that A value of 200 μmol/L OxyHb group was 0.197±0.131 after 24 h and apoptosis rate was 30.233±7.23，with significant differences compared with those of other groups（P<0.05）. There were 22 differently expressed microRNAs，16 microRNAs of which were up-regulated，6 microRNAs were down-regulated obviously and microRNA145 was the greatest change one among them. MicroRNA145 expressed highly in VSMC after SAH，which was validated by qRT-PCR. It was suggested that Bcl-2/E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 3（BNIP3） may be the target gene for it. Conclusions：mi－croRNA145 may be the molecular target regulating VSMC apoptosis after SAH. MicroRNA145 causes apoptosis of VSMC after SAH，induce and increase cerebral vasospasm possibly through BNIP3 related signaling pathways.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the plasma homocysteine（Hcy） level in epilepsy patients with common antiepileptic drugs（AEDs） therapy and the intervention effect of multi-vitamin supplement therapy on high homocysteine（HHcy） and seizure status of patients with epilepsy. Methods：According to medication types，105 epileptic patients taking single AEDs were divided into carbamazepine group（CMZ group，n=25），valproate group（VPA group，n=23），phenytoin group（PHT group，n=30），topiramate group（TPM group，n=12），lamotrigine group（LTG group，n=15） and 30 healthy people were selected as healthy control group while 30 epileptic patients not taking AEDs as epileptic control group. The Hcy，folacin（Fol），vitamin B12（VitB12） levels were measured. Comparison on indicators was made among treatment group，healthy control group and epileptic control group. Thirty-two patients with HHcy were randomly se－lected for Fol and VitB12 replacement therapy and Hcy，Fol and VitB12 levels in patients among different time points before treat－ment，at 4 weeks after treatment and at 6 weeks after treatment were followed-up for 6 months and compared. Improvement be－tween patients with multi-vitamin supplement therapy and sin－gle AEDs therapy was compared. Results：Hcy levels were higher in CMZ group，PHT group，TPM group than in healthy control group and epileptic control group（FHcy=31.581，P<0.001）. There were 2 cases of HHcy in epileptic control group，VPA group and LTG group respectively，accounting for 6.67%，8.70% and 13.33% respective－ly，without differences（P<0.05）. There were 20 cases（80.00%） of HHcy in CMZ group，20 cases（66.67%） in PHT group and 8 cases（66.67%） in TPM group，higher than those in epileptic control group（χ2=30.556，P=0.000）. There were differences in Hcy，Fol and VitB12 levels of 30 HHcy patients taking vitamin intervention treatment at different time points after the treatment（FHcy=482.541，P=0.000；FFol=48.123，P=0.000；FVitB12=26.286，P=0.000）；Hcy levels were decreased and Fol and VitB12 levels were increased after the treatment. Among 30 HHcy patients receiving vitamin intervention，12 patients completely controlled seizures，13 patients improved markedly，three patients were effective，with total effective rate of 93.33%；one patient was invalid and one patient was deteriorated. Among 22 patients only took AEDs treatment，seven patients completely controlled seizures，nine patients improved markedly，three cases were effective with total efficiency of 84.34%；two patients ineffective and one patient was deteriorated，with statistically signifi－cant difference（Z=-4.426，P<0.01）. Conclusions：Taking AEDs can cause HHcy while vitamin supplement therapy can be effective in reducing Hcy levels in patients with epilepsy and number of patients with seizures.

Abstract:Objective：To assess the association of 5-hydroxytryptamine（5-HT）2A receptor gene polymorphism with depression by Meta analysis. Methods：Literatures on the relationship between 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphism T102C and depression in CBMdisc and PubMed from January 2000 to December 2012 were taken as research objects. Software of RevMan 5.0 was employed to do Meta analysis. Results：Nine literatures were included，enrolling 1 717 for depression and 2 037 for healthy controls. The results showed that there was no significant association between 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphism and depression including the allele contrast model，homozygote model and heterozygotes genotypes. Conclusions：There is no significant association between 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphism and depression，5-HT2A receptor single nucleotide polymorphism T102C may not confer the risk of depression as an independent risk factor.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the association between mild cognitive impairment（MCI） and plasma homocysteine（Hcy） level through Meta analysis. Methods：Published literatures at home and abroad from 2003 to 2013 were searched through large literature databases，including PubMed，BIOsis Previews，Medline，EBSCO，CBM，CNKI，etc. The quality of studies was evaluated and data were extracted from studies.RevMan 5.2 software was used to do Meta analysis. Results：Eleven qualified control studies were identified，including 737 patients and 866 controls. The pooled standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval of Hcy concentrations was 0.92（0.57，1.27），indicating higher Hcy levels in MCI patients. Funnel plot was symmetrical in general. Conclusions：Higher con－centration of plasma Hcy may be a risk factor of MCI. Prospective studies in the risk of developing MCI are needed，preferably in the form of cohort study and randomized controlled trials in large population.

Abstract:Objective：To survey the knowledge of stroke warning signs and the awareness of emergency calling among hospitalized pa－tients with high risk for stroke. Methods：From January to August 2012，using self-designed questionnaire，the trained neurologists con－ducted the face to face investigation among 500 hospitalized patients with high risk for stroke in the department of neurology in the Second Affiliated Hospital Chongqing Medical University. The patients were asked to report the common stroke warning signs and reaction in response to sudden stroke symptoms. The related factors were analyzed. Results：A total of 467 patients completed the questionnaire. 72.2% patients can correctly report ≥1 stroke warning sign，and only 10.7% patients can correctly report ≥3 stroke warning signs. The ratio of calling ‘120’ for a variety of stroke warning signs was 46.3%-57.8% and only 28.7% patients reported that they would call ‘120’ for all 5 stroke warning signs. The ra－tio of calling ‘120’ for all 5 stroke warning signs was associated with household income（ χ2=13.803，P=0.003），patients’ risk factors of stroke（ χ2=22.200，P=0.000），and knowledge of stroke warning signs（ χ2=9.060，P=0.028）. But even among those with knowledge of ≥3 stroke warning signs，only 44.0%（95%CI=23.3%-64.7%） would call ‘120’ for all 5 stroke warning signs. Conclusions：Patients with high risk for stroke in the department of neurology have low knowledge level of stroke warning signs and poor awareness of call－ing ‘120’ for stroke.

Abstract:Objective：To report a case of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma in the right thalamus and to discuss related literature at home and abroad in order to improve the understanding of the disease. Methods：The clinical manifestation，laboratory examination，diagnosis and treatment of this case were analyzed and its clinical characteristics，diagnosing and treating methods were discussed based on the literature review. Results：Preoperative literature indicated glioma in the right thalamus but postoperative histopathologic examination suggested non-hodgkin’s lymphoma，diffusing large B cell type. The patient died at two months after the surgery without performing chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Conclusion：Thalamus non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is rarely seen and can be easily misdiagnosed as glioma. Diagnosis should be made according to the results of preoperative biopsy or postoperative histopathologic examination. The natural life period of patients with thalamus lymphoma is short and the prognosis is poor after analyzing the clinical characteristics and treating process.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the safety，feasibility and short-term efficacy of posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy in the treatment of cervical intervertebral disc herniation． Methods：From August 2011 to October 2012，23 patients were treated with posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy，3 cases at C4/5 level，15 cases at C5/6 level，6 cases at C6/7 level，22 cases of single level and one case of double levels. Corresponding symptom was segmental radicular pain cased by nerve root compression. All patients were in the prone position under general anesthesia. With percutaneous endoscope（diameter of 6.3 mm），a small amount of the inner part of the upper and lower facet and part of the lamina at the corresponding segments were removed by burr. The working path was shown as ‘key hole’ sample，then the herniated disc nucleus pulposus was got rid of and nerve root was released. The visual analog scale（VAS） scores of peroperation，1 d，1week，1 month，3 months，6 months，1 year postoperatively and modified MacNab criteria at the last follow-up were recorded. Results：All operations were successful in 23 cases and all patients were followed up. VAS scores at each time point were 7.35±1.05，2.87±0.84，1.85±0.42，1.72±0.64，1.40±0.75，0.75±1.58，0.77±1.08，respectively. VAS scores at each time point were significantly reduced after the operationthan than before the peroperation，with statistical significances（P<0.05）. Modified MacNab showed there were 15 excellent cases，7 good cases and 1 fine case. Conclusions：Posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy is safe and effective in the treatment of cervical intervertebral disc herniation and should be widely applied.

Abstract:Objective：To compare the efficacy between arthroscopy and open reduction method in the treatment of various types of Schatzker tibial plateau fractures. Methods：Clinical data of 206 patients with tibial plateau fractures admitted to our hospital during March 2005 to October 2011 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Totally 126 patients were included in this comparative study based on fracture patterns and were divided into two groups. Sixty-seven patients were treated by arthroscopically assisted management and the remaining 59 patients underwent conventional open method. All patients excepting two were followed up for 11 to 16 months after the operation，with an average time of 14 months. Results：There were significant differences between both groups in terms of op－eration time，intraoperative blood loss，incision length and postoperative hospitalization duration，postoperative complications and knee functional score at one year postoperatively. Conclusions：With the advantages of accurate diagnosis，minimally invasive，quick recovery and few complications，arthroscopy is more effective in the treatment of typeⅠ-Ⅲ tibial plateau fracture；however，conventional open reduction is more effective in the treatment of type Ⅳ-Ⅵ tibial plateau fractures.

Abstract:Objective：To study the effect of functional shift on proliferation activity of condylar cartilage among pubertal rats. Methods：Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats of 28 d were randomly divided into three groups：shift group（n=40），recovery group（n=20），control group（n=20）. Rats in shift and recovery groups were imposed with crowns on incisors causing mandible shift 2 mm to the left .The appliance was removed after 2 weeks in recovery group. Ten and five rats were killed on the 7th，14th，21st，28th d separately in shift group and control group. Ten rats in recovery group were killed on the 7th and the 14th d after the crowns being removed. Proliferating cell nu－clear antigen（PCNA） expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results：（1）PCNA cells mainly distributed in the proliferating cell layer. （2）On the 7th d，PCNA expression was increased in the posterior，central and external regions of the contralateral side in shift group（Pcentral=0.022，Pposterior=0.019，Pexternal=0.024）；while it was significantly decreased in the posterior and external region of the ipsilateral side in shift group（Pposterior=0.015，Pexternal=0.017）. On the 14th d，the differences observed on the 7th d became more obvious（contralateral side：Pcentral=0.0023，Pposterior=0.01，Pexternal=0.0097；ipsilateral side：Pposterior=0.0005，Pexternal=0.006）and lasted to the 28th d.（contralateral side：Pcentral=0.0001，Pposterior=0.0001，Pexternal=0.0001；ipsilateral side：Pposterior=0.0001，Pexternal=0.0001）. In recovery group，PCNA expression in all regions generally recovered to the level of the control group. Conclusions：The mandible functional shift in pubertal rats may cause asymmetric condyle remolding. Condyle remolding gradually recovers to normal in recovery group after early treatment.

Abstract:Objective：To study the differences of the color matching accuracy between the visual color matching and digital photogra－phy color matching. Methods：Thirty patients whose maxillary middle incisors needed to be restored were enrolled and randomized into A and B groups excluding the interfering factors of appearance，color and position. After color matching，patients in group A used VI－TA 3D-MASTER to choose color while those in group B took photograph by digital camera under the same time and environment，then fabricated all-ceramic crown. Results：There were statistical differences between the two methods in incisor color（P=0.034） and the digital photography color matching got higher satisfaction degree concerning the shape and harmony（P=0.041）. Conclusions：Only using digital photography technology could help the full crown making and it maybe interfered by some factors. Therefore，other methods should be combined in order to get an excellent color matching and necessary standards about the operating environment of digi－tal photography should be set.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the best time of using vitamin C to protect salivary gland radiation injury in patients with differentiat－ed thyroid cancer（DTC） after 131I therapy. Methods：Totally 120 DTC patients underwent thyroidectomy were randomly divided into groups A and B（n=60）. Patients were administrated with vitamin C in either 2 h or 24 h after the treatment of 131I in order to reduce damage caused by radioactivity of 131I. Salivary glands dynamic images were taken six months later and time-activity curves were drawn；then parotid and submandibular region of interest（ROI） and appropriate organization as background correction were lain out；finally，gland uptakes ratios（UR） and excretory index at maximum secretion（MSR） were calculated. Results：UR and MSR of left parotid gland were 3.16 ± 1.12，（61.13 ± 13.85）% in group A and 2.84 ± 1.10，（58.56 ± 12.26）% in group B；UR and MSR of right parotid gland were 3.08 ± 1.02，（63.70 ± 14.12）% in group A and 2.82 ± 0.95，（59.40 ± 12.27）% in group B；UR and MSR of left submandibular gland are 2.10 ± 1.01，（47.52 ± 12.74）% in group A and 2.15 ± 0.97，（49.92 ± 12.93）%，in group B；UR and MSR of right submandibular gland were 2.21 ± 1.05，（49.98 ± 13.20）% in group A and 2.15 ± 0.97，（49.37 ± 13.04）% in group B. Differ－ences of results in groups A and B were not statistically significant（P >0.05）. Conclusion：Salivary stimulation with vitamin C in both 2 h and 24 h after131I administration has no effect on salivary protection in DTC patients.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the specific value of transvaginal B-ultrasound（TVS） in monitoring endometrium of infertility patients. Methods：Totally 500 infertility patients were randomly selected and analyzed retrospectivelyy. Endometrial thickness and morphology during the ovulation period was monitored by TVS. Results of TVS were divided into no obvious abnormality，endometrium thickness≤ 8 mm，≥16 mm and uneven endometrial echo four categories and hysteroscopy examination was combined. Results：There was no difference between TVS and hysteroscopy examination in detecting endometrial lesions（ ?字2=4.824，P=0.185）. Conclusions：TVS screening is one of the best and reliable and noninvasive auxiliary examination methods in detecting endometrial lesions of infertility patients，which can effectively improve the clinical diagnostic rate.

Abstract:Objective：To analyze the clinical characteristics of hepatoblastoma（HB） and to explore the therapeutic efficacy of tran－scathtr arterial chemoembolization（TACE） in the treatment of HB. Methods：Clinical records of 5 hospitalized children diagnosed with HB from August 2005 to January 2012 were analyzed respectively. The 5 patients underwent 2-3 times TACE therapy before radical resection. Levels of alpha fetal protein（AFP） and tumor size between pre-TACE and post-TACE were compared. Success rate of radi－cal resection was observed and therapeutic effect was followed up. Results：One week after the last TACE，63.2%-99.7% （82.9% in av－erage） decrease of AFP and 28.7%-76.3%（61.4% in average） shrinkage of tumor size were observed in four cases；69.8% increase of AFP and 84.5% increase of tumor size were observed in one case. Four patients completed the radical resection and were followed up for 6-87 months（35.6 in average） without any tumor till now. However，distant metastasis of 1 case was displayed by CT before resection and the subsequent treatment was given up；the patients’ life was ended one month later. Conclusions：With the advantages of slighter adverse reaction，more successful radical resection and higher event free survival rate，TACE can be used as a primary pre-operative modality for HB which could hardly be resected radically during stageⅠ. Moreover，fluctuations of AFP and tumor size after TACE could reflect the prognosis of HB indirectly.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the scalp nerve block combined with general anesthesia used in craniotomy in patients with hyper－tension，to observe the circulation stability and to explore whether scalp nerve block combined with general anesthesia can reduce the incidence of secondary surgery. Methods：Totally 60 craniotomy patients were randomly divided into the general anesthesia group（control group） and scalp nerve block combined with general anesthesia group（experimental group）. In the experimental group，based on the scope of the incision，the supraorbital，nerve auriculotemporal nerve，greater occipital and lesser occipital selective were selectively blocked. Important vital signs，drug usage，awakening and extubation time and the incidence of related complications during the perioperative period were recorded. Results：Hemodynamic in scalp nerve group is more stable and less volatile during the perioperative period. Dosages propofol（P=0.00），sufentanil（P=0.00） and remifentanil（P=0.00） were higher in experimental group than in control group. Extubation time（P=0.00） and awakening time（P=0.00） were reduced in experimental group than in control group accordingly. Two patients experienced a second surgery in control group（P=0.492） but none in experimental group. Conclusions：Scalp nerve block can more effectively maintain intraoperative heart rate and blood pressure ,which may reduce the incidence of secondary surgery.

Abstract:Objective：To compare the efficacy of composite restoration in the treatment of three kinds of cracked teeth at 2 years after the operation. Methods：According to experimental method and types of crack，95 cracked maxillary first molars were divided into 3 groups. All the teeth were restored with a composite restoration and the curative effects of different kinds of cracked teeth were com－pared at 2 years after the operation. Results：With 2-year follow-up，the success rate of single cracked group was 86.1% while pen－etrating cracked group was 76.7% and mixed cracked group was 48.1%. Results showed that the curative effect of mixed crack was obviously lower than that of single crack after 2 years，mainly concerning pulp survival and restoration survival，but no significant difference was observed between penetrating crack and other crack. Conclusion： Prognosis of cracked tooth is closely related to the type of crack.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the intervention role of invigorating the kidney and strengthening the bones therapy in controlling the pain after radiotherapy，reducing incidences of skeletal related events（SREs） and delaying time of recurrent bone metastasis for non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC） patients with bone metastasis who received radiotherapy. Methods：Totally 59 NSCLC patients with bone metastasis were divided into two groups by randomization：treatment group（n=30） and control group（n=29）. Patients in treatment group were treated by radiotherapy and biphosphonates and received concurrent invigorating the kidney and strengthening the bones therapy（a traditional Chinese medicine therapy）；patients in control group were only treated by radiotherapy and biphos－phonates. Results：There were significant differences in the pain changes between two groups（treatment group P=0.002，control group P=0.001）. Incidences of SREs were lower in treatment group than in control group（P=0.036）. Time interval of recurrent bone metas－tasis was longer in treatment group than in control group，（24.81±1.99） weeks vs. （19.57±1.61） weeks，P=0.026. Conclusions：Invigorating the kidney and strengthening the bones therapy cannot reduce the pain of radiotherapy and biphosphonates，but can reduce the incidences of SREs and delay the time of recurrent bone metastasis.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the effectiveness of periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction（PROPELLER） technique in reducing motion artifact and improving image quality on FSE T2WI image. Methods：Ninety-seven patients with a mean age of 53.8 years（age range，19-76 years） were underwent upper abdominal examination with 3.0T MRI. The same scanning parameters were used on axial T2-weighted PRO－PELLER sequence and FSE sequence. The respiratory artifacts，gastrointestinal movement artifacts，pulsatility artifacts，overall image quality，and the edge of the liver，pancreas were evalu－ated by two radiologists using a 3-point scale. The Wilcoxon’s rank sum test was used for statistical analysis. The Cohen’s Kappa test was used to determine the agreement between two radiologists. Results：On T2-weighted PROPELLER images，the respiratory artifacts，gastrointestinal movement artifacts，vascular pulsatility artifact were reduced and the overall image quality，sharpness of the liver，pancreas and renal corticomedullary junction area were improved（Z=-5.931，-6.245，-6.481，-6.164，-5.745；P<0.05）. The agreement between two radiologists is consistent. Conclusions：Compared those of with FSE T2WI sequence，the respiratory artifacts，gastrointestinal movement artifacts，vascular pulsatility artifacts are significantly reduced on PROPELLER T2WI sequence. PROPELLER T2WI can better display the anatomic structure，improve the image quality and shorten the scanning time.

Abstract:Objective：To analyze the occurrence of atherosclerosis（AS） and its risk factors by examining the cardio-ankle vascular index（CAVI） in health examination group，so as to provide evidences for the prevention and treatment of AS. Methods：We examine a group of 875 persons from an institution of Chongqing underwent health examination in health examination center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. The general indexes in the examination included CAVI，height，weight，blood pressure，fasting blood lipids and blood glucose，etc. Then according to the results from arteriosclerosis detector，the samples were divided into atherosclerotic positive group including 102 persons and non atherosclerosis group including 701 persons. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted for different groups. Results：Male proportion，age，systolic blood pressure，diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose of atherosclerotic positive group were significantly higher than those of non atherosclerosis group（P<0.05）. Age，sex，body mass index，systolic blood pressure and triglyceride were independent risk factors of AS，among which age was the most significant factor（OR=4.375）. Conclusions：The occurrence of AS is related with multiple factors. Therefore，a periodic health examination for high risk group combined with controlling of blood pressure，blood glucose and blood lipids is necessary to re－duce the occurrence of AS.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the curative effect and postoperative complications of the third ventricle craniopharyngioma re－moved by transcallosal-stptum pellucidum-interforniceal approach. Methods：Clinical data of 28 patients with the third ventrile cran－iopharyngioma undergoing transcallosal-septum pellucidum-interforniceal approach resection were analyzed retrospectively. Results：Total tumor removal was achieved in 18 cases，subtotal removal in 6 cases and partial removal in 4 cases. Electrolyte disorder and diabetes insipidus were observed in most of the cases.Other frequent complications included endocrine disorders，mutism，hyperpyrexia and seizures. Conclusions：Transcallosal-septum pellucidum-interforniceal approach is the best choice for the resection of the third ventricle craniopharyngioma. Postoperative complication is common and serious，sufficient preoperative preparation and good periop－erative management is the premise of the successful operation.

Abstract:Objective：To observe the efficacy of psychological intervention combined with Xiaoyao pills in the treatment of liver depression induced irregular menstruation in nursing students in internship. Methods：Totally 48 nursing students met the diagnostic criteria of liver depression induced irregular menstruation were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in control group（n=24） were treated with Xiaoyao pills while those in experimental group（n=24） were treated with psychological intervention combined with Xiaoyao pills. Three months was taken as one treatment course. Improvement in irregular menstruation and mental health after one treatment course in two groups was observed. Results：After one course of treatment，treatment effects were statistically different between two groups（P<0.05）. Before the treatment，there were significant differences in scores of anxiety，inferiority，depression and social withdrawal in two groups compared with those of national norm（P<0.05）；but there was no difference in the scores mentioned above between two groups（P >0.05）. After the treatment，there was no significant differences in scores of anxiety，inferiority，depression and social withdrawal in two groups compared with those of national norm（P >0.05）；but there were differences in scores between experiment group and control group except for the scores of depression and social withdrawal（P<0.05）. Conclusions：Efficacy of psychological intervention combined with Xiaoyao pills in the treatment of liver depression induced irregular menstruation in nursing students in internship is better than that of Xiaoyao pills.