Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effects of running exercise on the white matter and the myelinated fibers in the white matter of the APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse. Methods：Six-month-old female APP/PS1 transgenic mice were divided into the control group（n=7） and the running group（n=12）. The running group ran for four months. Seven mice were randomly selected from each group. After running exercise，Morris water maze test was used to detect the spatial learning and memory abilities of the mice in both groups. The white matter volume，the total length and total volume of the myelinated fibers in the white matter，the total volume of the myelin sheaths and the total volume of the axons in the white matter were investigated with the accurate three-dimensional quantitative stere－ological methods. Results：After four-month running exercise，the mean escape latency of positioning navigation test in the run－ning group was significantly shortened when compared with that in contol group（P=0.000），while the target zone frequency and the percentage of time in target quadrant of the running group in spatial probe test were significantly increased when compared with those in control group（P=0.000，P=0.009）. When compared with those in control group，the white matter volume，the total volume of the myelinated fibers and the total volume of the axons in the white matter were significantly increased in the running group（P=0.026，P=0.042，P=0.027）. The total length of myelinated fibers and the total volume of myelinated sheath in the white matter were not sta－tistically different between the two groups（P=0.259，P=0.901）. Conclusion：The effects of running exercise on the white matter and the myelinated fibers in the white matter might be an important structural basis for understanding the mechanism for the fact that running exercise could delay Alzheimer’s disease progress.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the effect of chronic cerebral ischemia on the behavioral and brain morphology changes in the APP/PS1 double transgenic Alzheimer’s disease（AD） model mice. Methods：Totally 20 three-month-old APP/PS1 AD mice randomly di－vided into model group（n=10） and control group（n=10）. APP/PS1 double transgenic mice in model group were subjected to modified chronic cerebral hypoperfusion with bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation. Morris water maze test，histologic and immuno－histochemistry were used to detect the changes of spatial learning and memory，the hippocampal morphology changes and the expres－sions of NeuN，APP，Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the brain of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice with one-month chronic cerebral ischemia and its control counterparts. Results：Behavioral experimental results：（1）There was no significant difference between two groups in the es－cape latency and path in the visible platform tests. （2）The escape latency was significantly longer in model group than in control group in the hidden platform tests. （3）The number of passing times was significantly lower in model group than in control group. HE stain－ing showed obvious swelling of neuron in the hippocampus and disordered cell arrangement in model group. Immunohistochemistry showed that the number of neuron was significantly lower in model mice group than in control group. Expressions of NeuN were signifi－cantly lower in model group than in control group. Expressions of APP，Aβ40 and Aβ42 were significantly higher in model group than in control group. Conclusion：A new modified bilateral carotid artery permanent ligation is established，which can lead to chronic cerebral ischemia. Chronic cerebral ischemia may ac－celerate the pathological progression of APP/PS1 double trans－genic AD mice.

Abstract:Objective：To discuss the dynamic pathological changes in the brain of female Alzheimer’s disease（AD） mice with differ－ent ages. Methods：Totally 24 APP/PS1 double transgenic mice with AD of 3，8，12，16-month-age were chosen（6 mice for each age group）. Light microscopic observation was performed after Paraffin embedding，sectioning and immunohistochemical staining. Results Immunohistochemical results showed that，amyloidβ peptide（Aβ） and senile plaque（SP） can be occasionally observed. With the in－crease of the age，the volume and number of SP were increased（M3=0.600±0.235，M8=8.933±1.730，M12=28.470±1.841，M16=94.130±4.287；P1=0.025，P2=0.000，P3=0.000）（M3，M8，M12，M16 stands for 3，8，12，16 months respectively；P1，P2，P3 stands for the comparison of P value between M3 and M8，M8 and M12，M12 and M16）. Accordingly，NeuN positive cells in the brain of mice were in a declined trend（M3=1 919.00±58.21，M8=1 717.00±65.83，M12=1 689.00±45.66，M16=1 529.00±45.36，P1=0.011，P2=0.712，P3=0.043），glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells were increased（M3=9.2±6.7，M8=1 053.0±171.3，M12=2 058.0±210.8，M16=3 283.0±240.3；P1=0.000，P2=0.000，P3=0.000） and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 positive cells were increased（M3=2 183.00±85.43，M8=3 466.00±142.50，M12=4 555.00±83.23，M16=5 237.00±133.40；P1=0.000，P2=0.000，P3=0.000）. Similar results were achieved by Western blot. Conclusion：Female APP/PS1 double transgenic mice display typical AD pathological changes from the age of 3 months to 16 months. The pathological changes grad－ually increase with increasing of age，without reversal.

Abstract:Objective：To construct the siRNA expression vector which targeted the human Kir 4.1 gene，to study the impact of the Kir 4.1 on the proliferation of U-251 by RNAi and to explore the new method in astrocytoma treatment. Methods：Cell culturing，transforming，flow cytometry screening，RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect recombinant plasmid and investigate the cell cycle change（G1 phase，S phase and G2 phase） of U-251 cell in control group，negative control group and transformed cells. Results：Three interference vectors were constructed successfully. A plasmid which didn’t induce Kir 4.1 mRNA production was obtained. Flow cytometry screening showed that the cell number in each phase of negative control group had no apparent difference while in the transformed group the cell number in G2 phase decreased from 19.39% to 1.5%（P=0.018），the cell number in S phase increased obvi－ously from 36.32% to 51.22%（P=0.027）. Conclusion：The siRNA expression vector which targeted the human Kir 4.1 is constructed successfully. Kir 4.1 gene is silenced in the transformed U-251 cells by siRNA expression vector. U-251 cell stops at S phase proba－bly by inhibiting the G2 phase，which can decrease cell proliferation.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effects of low dose minocycline through vein on the spatial learning and memorizing ability and the expressions of growth associated protein-43（GAP-43） and postsynaptic density 95（PSD-95） in ischemic hippocampus of rats after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion（I/R）. Methods：The middle cerebral artery occlusion procedure was used to induce focal cerebral ischemia. Forty-five adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operated，I/R and minocycline groups. The GAP-43 and PSD-95 protein expression in ischemic hippocampus was measured by Western blot and immunohistochemistry，re－spectively. Morris water maze test was performed to detect the praxiology of rats after 2 weeks. Results：Compared with those in sham group，expression of GAP-43（0.49±0.03） and PSD-95（0.92±0.04） was significantly increased（P=0.000），escape latency was ex－tended（44.2±10.0） s，times of crossing the platform（2.6±0.9） and time percentage of swimming in target quadrant[（19.2±2.1）%，P=0.000] were significantly decreased in I/R group. Moreover，the rats in minocycline group demonstrated better spatial memory peformance than I/R group. The protein levels of GAP-43（0.72±0.05） was increased，PSD-95 was decreased（0.67±0.05，P=0.000），escape latency was shortened[（30.8±7.6） s，P=0.020]，times of crossing the platform（4.4±1.1，P=0.012） and time percentage of swimming in target quadrant[（30.4±2.7）%，P=0.000] were significantly decreased in minocycline group compared with those in I/R group（P=0.000）. Conclusion：Low dose intravenous minocycline improves the ability of learning and memorizing of rats after cerebral ischemia reperfusion，which may be partly associated with up-regulating GAP-43 and down-regulating PSD-95 pro－tein expression.

Abstract:Objective：To establish a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage（SAH） induced cerebral vasospasm by injecting autologous non-heparinised arterial blood into the cisterna magna twice． Methods：Totally 117 male SD rats were randomly assigned to sham group（n=52） and SAH group（n=65）. Rats in the two groups were randomly assigned to 1，3，5，10，14 d group after the second sepa－ration. The SAH model was produced by injecting autologous non-heparinised arterial blood into the cisterna magna twice. Sham operated rats were injected equal volume of physiological saline solution instead of blood according to the same procedure. Motality，neurological function，brain water content and brain histological were investigated on 1，3，5，10，14 d following onset of SAH. Wall thickness and mean cross-sectional area of basilar artery（BA） were measured at different time points. Results：Compared with those in sham group，neurological scores were reduced in SAH-3d group（P=0.001）. The brain water content was increased in SAH-1d group（P=0.000）. The average diameter（P=0.001） and cross-sectional area of the BA（P=0.002） were decreased while the wall thickness was increased（P=0.000） in SAH-1 d group，SAH-3 d group and SAH-5 d group with statistical differences. Conclusion：SAH in－duced cerebral vasospasm model can be successfully established by injecting autologous non-heparinised arterial blood into the cis－terna magna twice，which model is applicable to study neurological damage and drug intervention following SAH.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the potentiality of taking aligned polymethylmethacrylate（PMMA） electrospun nanofibers as Schwann cell loading scaffold. Methods：Aligned electrospun nanofibers were fabricated and primary rat Schwann cells were cultured on them；random PMMA nanofibers were served as control. Green fluorescent protein gene was tranfected by lentivirus and made as the report－ing gene；the contact guidance exerted by the topographic feature of nanofibers on the growth of Schwann cells was revealed，and the microcosmic relation between the cell and the fiber was showed. Based on the findings mentioned above，the dynamic compliance of Schwann cells to aligned PMMA nanofibers was exhibited. Furthermore，potentiality of taking PMMA electrospun nanofibers as Schwann cell loading scaffold after neural injury was evaluated. Results：Schwann cell could adhere and grow both on random and aligned PMMA nanofibers. Compared with random nanofibers，aligned nanofibers could provide more supporting to Schwann cell，and on aligned fibers Schwann cells could grow along the axis of the fibers and form longer cell process（P=0.0079）. Dynamic observation showed good com－pliance of Schwann cells to the topographic features of aligned nanofibers. Conclusion：Aligned PMMA electrospun nanofibers have the potentiality of being transplantable scaffold for loading Schwann cells after neural injury.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effects and the mechanism of celastrol postconditioning against focal cerebral ischemia-reper－fusion（I/R） injury in rats. Methods：Sixty-four SD rats with half males and half females were randomly divided into 4 groups（n=16）：sham operation group（group S），celastrol control group（group S+C），focal cerebral I/R group（group I/R），celastrol postconditioning group（group I/R+C）. Focal cerebral I/R models were produced by occlusion of middle cerebral artery for 2 h followed by 24 h of reper－fusion. Dimethyl sulfoxide（DMSO） 0.3 ml/kg was injected intraperitoneally after the sham operation in group S；celastrol 3 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally after the sham operation in group S+C；DMSO 0.3 ml/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 5 min after the reperfusion in group I/R and celastrol 3 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 5 min after the reperfusion in group I/R+C. The neu－rologic deficit scores were measured at 5 min before the reperfusion and at 24 h after the reperfusion. The infarct volume and the in－farct volume fraction were detected by TTC staining. The pathological changes in CA1 region of ischemic hippocampus were detected by HE staining. The content of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） and interleukin-1β（IL-1β） in ischemic brain were detected by ELISA. The protein expression of nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB） p65 and inhibitor of κB（IκB）α in ischemic brain were detect－ed by Western blot. Results：The neurologic deficit scores，the infarct volume and the infarct volume fraction，the content of TNF-α and IL-1β，the protein expression of NF-κB p65 were all significantly higher in group I/R and I/R+C than in group S and S+C respectively. The protein expression of IκBα was significantly lower in group I/R and I/R+C than in group S and S+C respectively（P<0.01）. The neurologic deficit scores，the infarct volume and the infarct volume fraction，the content of TNF-α and IL-1β，the protein expression of NF-κB p65 were all significantly lower in group I/R+C than in group I/R and the protein expression of IκBα was significantly higher in group I/R+C than in group I/R（P<0.01）. The pathological changes in CA1 region of ischemic hippocampus were significantly attenuated in group I/R+C than in group I/R. The dif－ference between group S and group S+C was not statistical significant（P >0.05）. Conclusion：Postconditioning with celastrol attenuates focal cerebral I/R injury in rats；which might be related to inhibit the activaty of NF-κB，reduce the production of TNF-α and IL-1β，attenuate the inflammatory response in brain.

Abstract:Objective：To study the cognition of people who were exposed to the Chinese famine（1959-1961） in their early life. Methods：From may 2013 to may 2014，718 subjects in health center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were studied. All subjects were divided into three groups according to the date of birth：subjects who were born before the famine（1956.10.1-1958.9.30） were regarded as G1 group（236 cases）；subjects who were born during the famine（1959.10.1-1961.9.30） were chosen as G2 group（240 cases）；subjects who were born after the famine（1962.10.1-1964.9.30） were chosen as G3 group（242 cases）. The three groups finished auditory verbal learning test-huashan version（AVLT-H），mini-mental state examination（MMSE），Montreal cognitive assessment scale（MoCA），activity of daily living scale（ADL） and the general information survey. The the results were analyzed. Results：There were statistically significant differences in the short term and long term delayed recall，clue memory，recognized memory in AVLT-H，MMSE and MoCA（P=0.000）；the scores were lower in G1 and G2 groups than in G3 group. The preva－lence of MCI was 5.08%，5.00%，3.72% in G1，G2，G3 groups，respectively（G1 vs. G3， ?字2=0.527，P=0.468；G2 vs. G3， ?字2=0.471，P=0.492）. Conclusion：Different periods of early life exposed to the malnourished environment may have influences on the cognition in adulthood. So it is meaningful for these people to take measures to prevent the occurrence of mild cognitive impairment（MCI） and Alzheimer’s disease translated from MCI.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the cultural condition of neural stem cells（NSCs） from embryonic midbrain. Methods：Midrains of embryonic SD rice（12.5 d） were used. Cells were maintained and expanded in the medium with serum-free supplement containing basic fibroblast growth factor（bFGF） and epidermal growth factor（EGF）. The cultured neurospheres were identified by neuroepithelial stem cell protein（nestin）. 5-bromodeoxyuridine（Brdu） was added into the medium to see the proliferative ability. Differentiation of cultured NSC was checked by immunocytochemistry to see the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein（GFAP），and β-Ⅲ tublin. Clone forming of different cell densities was checked. The effects of separated and combined use of FGF and EGF on cell growth were investigated. Effect of different inoculation density（0.5-16.0）×105/ml and leukemia inhibitory factor（LIF） on cell growth was also taken into consideration. Results：The cultured neurospheres positively expressed nestin. Brdu tests showed that most NSC in neuro－spheres had proliferative capacity. After differentiation，NSCs differentiated into cells expressing GFAP（68.32±5.70）% or β-Ⅲ tublin（21.65±3.40）%. Cell clone numbers were higher in EGF and bFGF combined use group than in separated use group（P＜0.05，compared with those of EGF group；P＜0.01，compared with those of bFGF group）. Number of cells was significantly increased in LIF group than in control group（F=2 630.114，P=0.000）. The results of different inoculation density showed that cell density had signifi－cant impact on the number of neural spheres（F=155.1００，P=0.001）. The number of neural spheres increased within the inoculation density from 0.5×105/ml to 16.0×105/ml. Conclusion：Cytokines bFGF and EGF is necessary for the growth of NSCs. LIF promotes the growth of NSCs during long-term culture. In a suitable range，NSCs clone forming shows density-dependent.

Abstract:Objective：To research the mechanism of enterovirus type 71（EV71） entering into human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. Methods：The clinical EV71 isolates were inoculated from hu－man rhabdomyosarcoma（RD） cells for amplifying and purify－ing virus. MTT assay was conducted to detect the effect of dif－ferent virus endocytosis blockers on inhibition of SK-N-SH cells. The impact of target cells SK-N-SH on EV71 mRNA expression was validated by TaqMan real-time PCR after treating by specific chemical blockers. Results：EV71 viruses were success－fully amplified in RD cells and the virus titer was 1×105 TCID50. With the increase of drug concentration gradient，the growth rate of SK-N-SH cell was inhibited. TaqMan real-time PCR showed that the expression of EV71 mRNA was inhibited by pretreatment of chlorpromazine（CPZ）（Ρ<0.05） and nystatin（NT） exerted little influence（Ρ>0.05）. Conclusion：EV71 invading into SK-N-SH cells by clathrin-dependent endocytosis is initially speculated.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the treatment effect of focused ultrasound on neuroglioma model of zebrafish. Methods：Transgenic zebrafishes（fli：GFP） were randomly divided into control group，U87 group and U87+HIFU group. Neuroglioma cells（U87-RFP） were injected into U87 group and U87+HIFU group after 2 d fertilization and focused ultrasound treatment was performed in U87+HIFU group after 24 h. The tumor size and the vessels were observed using fluorescence microscopy on the 1st d and the 2nd d after the treatment. The mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） Aa and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 VEGFR2 were evaluated by qPCR. Results：In U87 group，a large number of neuroglioma cells and the newly formed vessels induced by neuroglioma were easily observed in zebrafish’s yolk ball，while after focused ultrasound treatment，neuroglioma cells and the ves－sels were significantly decreased. qPCR suggested that the mRNA of VEGF Aa and VEGFR2 were highly expressed in U87 group（VEGF Aa：Fli：1.01±0.13 vs. U87：1.45±0.10，P=0.002；VEGFR2：Fli：1.01±0.12 vs. U87：1.41±0.07，P=0.001），but after focused ultrasound treatment，the expression of VEGF Aa and VEGFR2 were inhibited（VEGF Aa：U87+HIFU：1.14±0.05 vs. U87：1.45±0.10，P=0.009；VEGFR2：U87+HIFU：1.16±0.06 vs. U87：1.41±0.07，P=0.012）. Conclusion：Focused ultrasound treatment can effectively kill the neuroglioma cells and decrease the tumor angiogenesis，which shows a positive treat effect on neuroglioma.

Abstract:Objective：To assess the association of depression with C-reactive protein（CRP） in community and clinical samples. Methods：Databases of Cochrane Library，Pubmed，Web of Knowledge，Ebsco，CBM，CNKI，CECDB and CQVIP were used to search and filter relevant literatures of CRP level of depression up to October 2013. The quality of the literatures was assessed and the data were extracted. Review manager 5.0 was used to do analysis. Results：Thirteen literatures were enrolled in the study including 2 779 depression patients and 6 189 healthy controls. The results showed that CRP were higher in the male，female and the total popula－tion than in the control，with statistical differences：total WMD=0.32 （95%CI=0.13 to 0.51，P=0.000）；male WMD=0.33（95%CI=-0.02 to 0.69，P=0.070）；women WMD=0.29（95%CI=0.06 to 0.52，P=0.020）. Conclusion：Depression and CRP are positively associated in the clinical and community samples，which is useful for the early detection of depression and the accurate diagnosis of depression.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the correlation between the plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） and depres－sion. Methods：Enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis（ELISA） was used to test the plasma BDNF levels in 60 depressive patients and 30 normal controls. Meanwhile，the subjects were assessed with the Hamilton depression scale（HAMD） and Beck Self-rating De－pression Scale（BDI）. Results：The plasma levels of BDNF in depressive patients（931.10±250.04） pg/ml was significantly lower than those of normal controls（1 348.06±192.67） pg/ml（t=-8.013，P=0.000）. The plasma BDNF levels in recurrent depressive patients（1 007.57±277.52） pg/ml was lower than those of first-episode depressive patients（854.63±195.15） pg/ml（t=2.469，P=0.017）. There was no difference in HDRS total score（t=1.009，P=0.317），BDI total score（t=1.743，P=0.087） and plasma BDNF levels（t=-0.281，P=0.779） between early-onset depressive patients and late-onset depressive patients. Depressive patients with suicidal tendency had higher HDRS total score（t=3.917，P=0.000） and BDI total score（t=3.482，P=0.001） than depressive patients without suicidal tendency. The plasma BDNF levels were significantly lower in depressive patients with suicidal tendency than in depressive patients without sui－cidal tendency（（778.88±230.71） pg/ml vs. （1055.64±191.00） pg/ml，t=-5.085，P=0.000）. The plasma BDNF level was significant－ly negatively correlated with HDRS total score and BDI total score in depressive patients. Conclusion：The alteration of plasma BDNF level is related to depression and suicide，and it maybe involved in pathophysiology of depression and suicidal behavior.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the expression of change of Th17 cells and related cytokines in multiple sclerosis patients and its clinical significance. Methods：Totally 27 multiple sclerosis patients（MS group） and 20 healthy subjects（control group） were selected. RT-PCR was used to detect IL-17 mRNA；ELISA was used to detect IL-17，IL-23 and IL-6；FACS was used to detect Th17 cells in peripheral blood. Results：Level of IL-17 mRNA was significantly increased in MS group（P<0.05）. When compared with that control group，expression of Th17 cells and related cytokines（IL-17，IL-23 and IL-6） was significantly increased in MS group（P<0.05）. Conclusion：Th17 cells and related cytokines may participate in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Detection of Th17 cells could have clinical value in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the role of chemotherapy in the diagnosis and treatment of children with intracranial gonioma. Methods：Cases to be diagnosed as intracranial gonioma in the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2010 to December 2013 were divided into intracranial gonioma and non-intracranial gonioma according to tumor markers alpha-fetoprotin（AFP） and human chorionic gonadotropin beta（β-HCG） test results. Cases in intracranial gonioma group were treated by CE chemotherapy for two courses，and the curative effect including partial remission（PR） or complete remission（CR） was evaluated using solid tumor evaluation criteria-response evaluation criteria in solid tumors（RECIST）. After making a definite diagnosis，patients over 3 years old carried out radiation therapy and follow-up chemotherapy and patients less than 3 years old were administrated with chemotherapy until over the age of 3 years，and then received extended radiotherapy. Non-intracranial gonioma cases were administered with BCE or ICE chemotherapy combined with full dose of central nervous system radiotherapy. Whether carrying out the second surgery was decided according to the actual conditions. Results：Twenty-five patients were followed up，19 patients（95%） out of 20 suspected patients with intracranial gonioma were PR after receiving chemotherapy. After being diagnosed as intracranial gonioma，15 patients（100%） in over than 3-year-old group were CR after chemotherapy，with 100% survival rate and an average follow-up period of 2 years. In less than 3-year-old group，one patients experienced relapse and craniospinal metastasis after six courses of chemotherapy and abandoned the treatment，the other 2 patients were successfully completed deferred radiotherapy after six courses of chemotherapy，both CR until now. During the current follow-up，one patient with stable tumor was diagnosed as teratomas by pathologic examination excluding the diagnosis of intracranial gonioma and underwent resection. There were 5 cases of non-intracranial gonioma including 2 cases of yolk sac tumor and 3 cases of mixed intracranial gonioma. One patient with yolk sac tumor died during the chemotherapy and one patient lived with event free survival for 2 years after successfully completing the resection and the chemotherapy. Three patients with mixed intracranial gonioma received comprehensive treatment of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy plus chemotherapy and lived with event free survival for 1-3 years. Conclusions：Diagnostic chemotherapy is effective since intracranial gonioma is very sensitive to the CE chemotherapy. But taking into consideration of higher recurrence rate after chemotherapy，diagnostic chemotherapy must combine with radiotherapy. Chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy（reducing the effective dose and scope） can improve the survival and quality of life. Patents with age less than 3 years old are still the difficulties in the treatment and research. Chemotherapy treatment is effective for treating non intracranial gonioma and chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy is the main therpay.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the role of genetic polymorphisms of ApoE in carotid atherosclerosis（CAS） and the instability of the plaque. Methods：Totally 238 subjects were divided into 3 groups：instable plaque group，stable plaque group and control group according to the results of carotid ultrasound examination. The genotype of ApoE and serum ApoE concentration was measured. The relationship between the genetic polymorphism of ApoE and the instability of carotid plaque was studied using linear and logistic regression analysis. Results：①The frequency of ε4 allele in the CAS subjects was higher than that of health people（ χ2=5.78，P=0.020）. ②The average internal-media thickness（IMT） of subjects with ε4 allele was 1.22 mm，which was significant thicker than that of subjects without ε4 allele. ③The ApoE ε4 allele was an independent relative for the instable plaque when age，sex and blood fat were adjusted in logistic regression analysis. ④The levels of hypersensitive c-reactive protein（t=4.868，P=0.000） and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1（t=7.223，P=0.000） in serum of subjects with allele ε4 were higher than those in subjects without ε4 allele. Conclusion：ApoE polymorphism is associated with CAS and the instability of plaques. Patients with ApoE4 have severer CAS than subjects without ApoE e4 allele. The genetic polymorphism of ApoE has influenced the arteriosclerosis through adjusting the blood-fat or the chronic inflammation status.

Abstract:Objective：To analyze the clinical features of children with purulent meningitis（PM） complicated with subdural effusion（SE），and to search for the indicators of the early diagnosis for PM complicated with SE. Methods：A retrospective study was conducted among 258 children（129 children were diagnosed as PM complicated with SE，while the other randomly selected 129 children were diagnosed as PM only）. T test/Chi-square test/rank sum test and logistic regression analysis were used to explore the clinical features. Results：The most common clinical features were：fever，convulsion，vomiting，and bulging fontanelle，etc. The incidences of subdural effusions were closely correlated with the bulging font-anelle on admission，cerebrospinal fluid（CSF） glucose concentration on admission，and CSF white blood cell（WBC） counts on admission. Conclusion：There is no specific clinical manifestation in SE；clinical outcomes and auxiliary examinations can guarantee the right diagnosis. Those infants who have bulging anterior fontanelle on admission，CSF glucose concentration lower than 1.5 mmol/L，and CSF WBC count over than 200×106/L may develop SE.

Abstract:Objective：To summarize and to explore the clinical features and surgical strategies for sellar region meningioma. Methods： Clinical data of 49 cases of sellar region meningioma treated by surgery in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Clinical features of suprasellar and parasellar meningiomas were analyzed；differences between unilateral subfrontal approach and pterional approach were compared and surgical strategies of sellar region meningioma were summarized. Results：Vision and visual field damage and pitu－itary compress were more common in suprasellar meningioma. Among 49 cases of sellar region meningioma，total removal was made in 33 cases（Simpson Ⅰ，Ⅱ）while subtotal removal in 14 cases（Simpson Ⅲ）and partial removal in 2 cases（Simpson Ⅳ）. Total removal rate was 67.3%. There was no difference in intraoperative blood loss，operative time and postoperative hospital stay between two main different types of surgical approach（unilateral frontal approach and pterional approach）（P>0.05）. Conclusion：Suprasellar and parasellar meningiomas have different clinical features；vision and visual field damage and compresssion of pituitary is more common in the former. On the basis of preserving nerve function and quality of life，maximum resection is the main direction. Unilateral sub－frontal approach and pterional approach both achieve good exposure of sellar region. No difference in intraoperative blood loss，oper－ative time and postoperative hospital stay are observed.

Abstract:Objective：To summarize the surgery strategies for the third ventricle craniopharyngioma. Methods：Clinical data of 28 pa－tients treated in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The surgery effect and indications between lamina terminalis approach and the anterior interhemispheric fissure-corpus callosum-septum pellucidum-interforniceal approach were compared. Results：There was no significant statistical differences in the gross tumor resection rate between these two kinds of approaches（P=0.907）. The anterior interhemispheric fissure-corpus callosum-septum pellucidum-interforniceal approach had higher rate of post-operation complications as diabetes insipidus（P=0.027）and electrolyte disturbance（P=0.033）. The lamina terminalis approach is suitable for tumors resection with main part under the third ventricle and above optic chiasma，while the anterior interhemispheric fissure-corpus callosum-septum pellucidum-interforniceal approach is suitable for tumors resection with main part in the third ventricle. Conclusion：Selecting a ap－propriate operation approach and protecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary stalk according to the imaging characteristics of the tumor are the keys of the surgery.

Abstract:Objective：To summarize the clinical curative effect and experiences in the microsurgical treatment for middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms（MbifAs）. Methods：The clinical data and operation process of 28 patients underwent microsurgery surgi－cal treatment for middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm were retrospectively analyzed. Results：Thirty MbifAs were found in 28 patients including 5 patients with complicated intracranial hematoma. Preoperative computed tomography angiography or digital sub－traction angiography was performed to evaluate the form and size of aneurysms and its relationship with bifurcate of blood vessels. Microsurgery was carefully designed for all patients. All patients were followed up for 6 months to 1 year. According to glasgow outcome scale of 28 patients，22 were recovered well，4 moderately disabled，1 severely disabled，1 vegetatively survived. Conclusion：Early surgery is necessary for middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms. Accurate preoperative imaging analysis and evaluation，appropri－ate surgical approach，skilled operation skills to clip aneurysm are the keys to improve the prognosis of surgery.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the clinic effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery（MIS）assisted alteplase in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage（HICH）. Methods：Totally 85 patients admitted in our hospital between May 2010 to August 2013，who suffered from HICH and treated with two kinds of thrombolytic drugs assisted with MIS were retrospectively analyzed and divided into the alteplase group（n=34） and urokinase group（n=51）.Hematoma volume，brain edema volume，midline shift，National Institute of Health Stroke Scale（NIHSS） and Glasgow Outcome Scale（GOS） scores were analyzed and compared. Results：①hematoma volume（t=13.765，P=0.000；t=19.404，P=0.000），brain edema volume（t=7.691，P=0.000；t=10.872，P=0.000） and NIHSS score（t=8.600，P=0.000；t=11.991，P=0.000） were decreased significantly in two groups and midline shift（t=8.796，P=0.000；t=10.322，P=0.000） was obvious，with statistical differences. ②There was no statistical differences in hematoma volume（?字2=3.026，P=0.003），brain edema volume（?字2=2.267，P=0.026），midline shift rate（?字2=2.549，P=0.013），GOS score（t=2.066，P=0.043） and catheter-drawing time（t=-2.397，P=0.019） between urokinase group and alteplase group while there was no statistical difference in NIHSS score（t=1.866，P=0.068） and hospitalization duration（t=-0.903，P=0.371） between the two groups. Conclusion：MIS combined with throm－bolytsis is safe and effective in the treatment of HICH and the efficacy of alteplase is better than urokinase.

Abstract:Objective：To analyze the clinical subtypes and prognosis of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome（GBS），and to explore the clinical features and prognosis of the different variants of GBS. Methods：Patients with GBS admitted to The First Affiliated Hos－pital of Chongqing Medical University from 2006 to 2013 were collected and were divided into acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy（AIDP） group，acute motor axonal neuropathy（AMAN） group，Miller-Fisher syndrome（MFS） group，cranial nerve variants（CNV），Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis overlaps with Guillain-Barre syndrome（BBE-GBS） group and unclassifiable group based on clinical features and electrophysiological findings，and patients were subdivided into two groups based on Hughes functional grading scale at nadir for different severities of GBS. One hundred and thirty-four patients were followed-up for 6 months. The clinical characteristics，prognosis of different subtypes and predictors of prognosis were analyzed. Results：There were 97 cases（57%） in AIDP group，37 cases（22%） in AMAN group，12 cases（7%） in MFS group，8 cases（5%） in CNV group，8 cases（5%） in BBE-GBS group and 8 cases（5%） in the other group. HFGS score was used to assess the prognosis at 3 and 6 months. The prognosis of AMAN and BBE-GBS group at 3 months（F=3.291，P=0.070）and 6 months（F=1.973，P=0.161）had no statistical significance. Prog－nosis of AMAN was worse than AIDP at 3 months（F=10.332，P=0.001） and 6 months（F=15.264，P=0.000） during the follow-up，with statistically significant differences. Outcome was good in both of MFS group and cranial nerve group at 6 months（HFGS≤1）. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the HFGS scores peaked at 3 points or more（P<0.000 1，OR=6.650，95%CI=2.865 to 15.023） and autonomic nerve dysfunction（P=0.0435，OR=2.820，95%CI=1.031 to 7.715） were associated with poor outcome at 6 months. Conclusion：AIDP is the main subtype of GBS. Prognosis of AMAN group and BBE-GBS group is poorer than that of AIDP group at 3 months and 6 months during follow-up. Prognosis is good in both cranial nerve group and MFS group. The critical patients and autonomic nerve dysfunction are predictors of poor prognosis at 6 months.

Abstract:Objective：To discuss the influential factors and intervention measures for patients with ventilator associated pneumonia（VAP） in neurological internal care unit. Methods：Totally 882 hospitalized patients with VAP in neurological internal care unit from January to December in 2013 were investigated by regression analysis method. VAP incidence，connection mode of ventilator，pathogen characteristics and high risk factors were analyzed. Results：The ventilator served for 176 cases（168 invasive cases and 8 noninvasive cases）. Infection occurred in 42 cases（41 invasive cases and 1 noninvasive case） and VAP infection rate was 23.86%. Gram-nega－tive bacteria（85.71%） made up most part of the infection including bauman acinetobacter sp，klebsiella，pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gram-positive bacteria made up 9.53% of the infection including staphylococcus aureus and fungi（4.76%）. High risk factors of VAP were underlying diseases，long period of hospitalization，invasive operation，and antibiotics abuse. Conclusion：Neurological intensive care unit is a division with high incidence of VAP. VAP mainly occurs in patients using ventilator and VAP pathogens are dominated by gram negative bacteria. Active treatment of underlying diseases，strict aseptic concept，reducing of invasive operation，rational use of antimicrobial drugs，shortening of hospitalization duration should be conducted to prevent and control the incidence and develop－ment of VAP.

Abstract:Objective：to study the efficacy，safety and compliance of surgical operation combined with nasal airway radiofrequency ab－lation in the treatment of light-moderate obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome complicated with chronic nasal obstruction and to confirm the clinical value of the treatment. Methods：Seventeen-six patients with light-moderate obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome from March 2012 to March 2013 were enrolled as research objects and were randomly divided into observation group（n=38） and control group（n=38）. Patients in observation group were treated by nasal operation combined with upper airway radiofrequency ablation therapy while those in control group were treated by routine nasal operation. Drowsiness，snoring subjects，blood oxygen sat－uration and other comparative data were compared before and after the treatment. Data of curative effect，complication and compliance were statistically analyzed. Results：There was no significant difference between the two groups in sleepiness，snoring and oxygen sat－uration before the treatment（P=0.062，P=0.058，P=0.052）. After the treatment，symptoms of subjects were improved obviously，with significant differences（P=0.042，P=0.044，P=0.040）. Total effective rate of observation group was 78.9%，higher than that of 57.9% in control group，with significant differences（P=0.028）. The complication incidence，compliance rate and recurrence rate were 21.1%，92.1% and 15.8% in observation group，better than those of 44.7%，78.9%，36.8% in control group，with significant differences（P=0.028，P=0.035，P=0.032）. Conclusion：Surgical operation combined with nasal airway radiofrequency ablation is effective and safe in the treatment of light-moderate obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome complicated with chronic nasal obstruction，therefore have remarkable clinical value.

Abstract:Objective：To summarize the recent clinical experience of kidney transplantation using kidney donation after cardiac death（DCD），and to investigate the efficacy of patients with end-stage renal disease（ESRD） receiving kidney transplant and the top-level design. Methods：The clinical data of ESRD patients receiving DCD kidney transplantation from October 2011 to September 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Results：All operations were successful. Renal function of 17 recipients（73.91%） and 4 recipients （17.39%） returned to normal on 5-7 d and 8-10 d respectively after the surgery；but the other 2 recipients experienced delayed re－covery and accepted the hemodialysis treatment. During the follow-up of 3 months to 2 years，1 recipient died of severe pul－monary infection. Conclusion：Kidneys from DCD donors have excellent outcomes and may represent another method to safely ex－pand the donor pool，and the good top-level design is a powerful guarantee to carry out the DCD.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the efficacy of nasal spray hormone and leukotriene receptor antagonist in the treatment of ade－noidal hypertrophy in children. Methods：From June 2011 to August 2013，160 adenoidal hypertrophy children were randomly divided to treatment group and control group. The treatment group was subdivided into nasal spray hormone group，leukotriene receptor antag－onist group and combined treatment group. The changes in clinical symptom score and Adenoido/Nasopharyngeal（A/N） ratio were measured. Results：Clinical symptom score was decreased in nasal spray hormone group compared with that in control group，with sta－tistical differences（P=0.000）；A/N ratio in nasal spray hormone group was reduced to lower than 0.60. Clinical symptom score was de－creased in leukotriene receptor antagonist group compared with that in control group，with statistical differences（P=0.000）；A/N ratio in nasal spray hormone group was reduced to lower than 0.71. Clinical symptom score was decreased in combined treatment group compared with that in control group，with statistical differences（P=0.000）；A/N ratio in nasal spray hormone group was reduced to lower than 0.60. Clinical symptom score and efficacy was better in combined treatment group than in nasal spray hormone group and leukotriene receptor antagonist group（P=0.05，P=0.001，P=0.001）. Conclusion：Both nasal spray hormone（Rhinocort） and leukotriene receptor antagonist（Montelukast） are effective in improving symptoms in children with adenoid hypertrophy. The clinical efficacy of combined treatment is better than that of single-drug treatment.

Abstract:Objective：To observe the clinical outcome of minimally invasive surgical closure treatment for infants with atrial septal de－fect（ASD） and ventricular septal defect（VSD）. Methods：There were 76 patients，who received minimally invasive surgical closure under transesophageal echocardiography. The operation time，duration of hospital stays，and complications were counted and analyzed. Results：The operations were smoothly for all 76 patients without any case of death and occluder falling off. Twenty-eight patients suf－fered from ASD with age of 6 months to 12 years，average body weight of 13 kg，average hospital stay of 10 d，average operation time of 75 min and average time using ventilator of 193 min after the operation. The echocardiography showed that the position of the oc－cluder was good without residual shunt or arrhythmia. Forty-eight patients suffered from VSD with age of 1-12 years，average body weight of 15 kg，average hospital stay of 11 d，average operation time of 93 min，average time using ventilator of 170 min after the operation. The echocardiography showed that the position of the occluder was good；46 patients had no residual shunt and two patents had very little shunt；one patient had premature ventricular premature beat and one patient had incomplete right bundle branch block. Conclusion：With the advantages of maturity，small damage，quick recovery，few complications，high safety and effectiveness，the mini－mally invasive surgical closure treatment is suitable for the infants with ASD and VSD at all agesperiods.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the clinical application value of renal vascular computed tomography angiography（CTA） during retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Methods：Totally 40 patients needing for retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrec－tomy were divided into two groups randomly. The variations of renal artery were investigated via CTA and the perioperative surgical outcomes were analyzed between the two groups，including operative time，warm ischemia time，blood loss，postoperative hospital stay，GFR reduction，and the incidence of complications. Results：Renal artery distribution of CTA was consistent with the intraoperative anatomical situation. One case in CTA group was diverted into laparoscopic radical nephrectomy，two cases in control group were con－verted to open radical nephrectomy and seven cases in CTA group accepted the selective blocking of renal artery surgery. No signif－icant complication and positive margin was found. The warm ischemia time of CTA group and control group was （27.4 ± 6.2） min and （29.2±5.1） min（t=1.00，P=0.322），without statistical differences（t=1.00，P=0.322）. Blood loss（33.3 ± 11.0） ml，postoperative hospital stay（4.2 ± 0.8） d and GFR reduction （6.1±2.1） ml/min of CTA group were significantly lower than those of control group（t=4.04，P=0.001；t=2.85，P=0.007；t=3.06，P=0.004）. Conclusion：CTA can provide effective guidance for retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and should become a routine preoperative examination.

Abstract:Objective：To analyze the differences of occlusal contacts on the first mandibular molar among patients with different molar relationships and to discover its practicability. Methods：Patients who needed to take cone-beam CT in our hospital between January 2013 and June 2013 were chosen. Totally 347 patients were selected according to the excluded rules. Numbers of occlusal contacts in the mesiocclusion，middle and distal areas among A，B，C three types of the first mandibular molar were recorded. SAS9.2 was used for statistical analysis. Results：The total number of occlusal contacts among three types was compared：Ⅰtype（n=130，26.62±10.79），Ⅱtype（n=131，26.75±10.81），Ⅲ type（n=86，19.16±9.14），with statistically significant differences（H=28.346，P=0.000）. The number of occlusal contacts was fewer in Ⅲ types than in the other two types，with statistically significant differences（P<0.016 7）. The num－ber of occlusal contacts in the mesiocclusion area among three types was compared：Ⅰtype （5.62±3.56），Ⅱtype（7.96±4.06），Ⅲ type（4.47±3.61），with statistically significant differences（H=45.045，P=0.000）. There were statistically significant differences among groups（P<0.0167）. The number of occlusal contacts in the middle area among three types was compared：Ⅰtype（10.3±4.74），Ⅱtype （9.24±4.54），Ⅲ type （6.53±4.04），with statistically signifi－cant differences（H=32.390，P=0.000）. There were statistically significant differences between groups（P<0.016 7）. The number of occlusal contacts was the fewerest in Ⅲ types and there was no statistically significant difference among groups. The number of occlusal contacts in the distal areas among three types was compared：Ⅰtype（10.7±4.89），Ⅱtype（9.55±5.35），Ⅲ type（8.16±4.72），with statistically significant differences（H=12.025，P=0.002）. The number of occlusal contacts was fewer in Ⅲ types than in Ⅰtype（P<0.016 7） and there was no statistically significant difference among other groups. The number of contact A was compared：Ⅰtype（10.46±5.75），Ⅱtype（9.53±5.2），Ⅲ type（7.83±5.02），with statistically significant differences（H=8.466，P=0.015）. The number of contact A was fewer in Ⅲ type than Ⅰtype（P<0.016 7） and there was no difference among others. The number of contact B was compared：Ⅰtype（9.66±5.58），Ⅱtype（10.87±5.08），Ⅲ type（6.17±4.7），with statistically significant differences（H=39.598，P=0.000）. The number of contact B was the fewest in Ⅲ type（P<0.016 7） and there was no difference among others. The number of contact C was compared：Ⅰtype（6.49±3.46），Ⅱtype（6.34±4.63），Ⅲ type（5.16±3.39），with statistically significant differences（H=7.179，P=0.028）. The number of contact C was fewer in Ⅲ type than Ⅰtype（P<0.016 7） and there was no difference among others. Conclusion：The total occlusal contacts and contact B of type Ⅲ on the first molar are fewer than others，so there is less stability dur－ing the intercuspal occlusion position，and the cone-beam CT could be a new method to research occlusal contacts.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the prevention measures for thrombus after receiving living donor liver transplantation in children through regulating coagulation function. Methods：Before-after self-controlled study was used among 20 children who had undergone living donor liver transplantation in our hospital. Coagulation function was monitored and analyzed before the operation and on the 1st，3rd，5th，7th d after the operation. Continuous intravenous injection of heparin 5-20 U/（kg·h） and low molecular dextran 5 ml/（kg·d） was administered. Prostaglandin E1 5 ng/（kg·min），was continuously injected for 2 hours and hepatic vascular was expanded 3 times a day. Prothrombin time（PT） was extended 1-2 times than the normal value. Reducing heparin dosages or stopping heparin injection or injecting fresh frozen plasma or doing cryoprecipitate was ad－ministrated if PT lasted too long. Results：Compared with levels before the operation，PT was extended on the 1st d（（18.72±4.40） s，P=0.001） and the 3rd d（（16.96±3.03） s，P=0.043） after the operation；but there was no difference between the 5th d（（16.42±4.75） s，P=0.101） and the 7th d（（15.50±5.94） s，P=0.332）. There was no difference in levels of activated partial throm－boplastin time（APTT） and thrombin time（TT） on the 1st，3rd，5th，7th d after the operation（APTT：before the operation（44.21±24.16） s，the 1st d after the operation（55.74±20.47） s，the 3rd d after the operation （55.19±23.80） s，the 5th d after the operation（54.59±23.84） s，the 7th d after the operation（40.35±12.63） s，F=1.810，P=0.1334；TT：before the operation（19.44±8.29） s，the 1st d after the operation（18.80±4.74） s，the 3rd d after the operation（20.58±4.54） s，the 5th d after the operation（19.81±3.56） s，the 7th d after the operation（18.62±4.16） s，F=0.44，P=0.779）. Significant decrease in fibrinogen level was observed on the 1st d（（1.48±0.54） g/L，P=0.005），the 5th d（（1.37±0.63） g/L，P=0.001） and the 7th d（（1.56±0.46） g/L，P=0.012） but not on the 3rd d（（1.73±0.75） g/L，P=0.071） after the operation. Significant decrease in platelet level was found on the 1st d（107.70±51.82）×109 units/L，the 3rd d（132.00±70.25）×109 units/L，the 5th d（175.70±73.89）×109 units/L and the 7th d（158.40±60.83）×109 units/L after the liver transplantation（F=15.43，P=0.000）. No case of serious blood clotting disorders and thrombosis was observed. Conclusion：Coagulation function can be regulated through medicine after the operation in pediatric recipients of live donor liver transplants. The purpose of the regulation is to control the bleeding tendency，prevent the hypercoagulable state，avoid thrombosis. Meanwhile，color Doppler examination is an effective method for diagnosis of hepatic vascular thrombosis.

Abstract:Objective：To analyze the diagnosis and treatment characteristics of the critically illed children with influenza A virus in－fection complicated with plastic bronchitis（PB）. Methods：A retrospective investigation on the clinical manifestations，bronchoscope results，histological results of the aspirate，clinical course and outcome of 15 children with plastic bronchitis associated with influenza A virus infection in the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing from 2012 to 2013 was conducted. Results：All 15 patients were critically ill children with acute onset，rapid respiratory failure and underwent mechanical ventilation from the onset to the average（2.5±0.9） d；most cases involved the remaining lung rapidly（on the 2nd-3rd d of the course） from atelectasis of single lung or lung lobe. Leuko－cyte count，C-neactveprotein，procalcitonin and other inflammatory markers elevated. White jelly-like sputum was sucked out from all patients by using bronchoscopy，of which 11 cases was bronchial tree-like. All children suffered from severe hypercapnia and hypoxia；4 cases suffered from pneumothorax and one case from convulsions during the treatment. All children’s condition improved signif－icantly and with no death after sucking out the jelly-like sputum by bronchoscopy and ventilator treatment. Conclusion：PB is a life-threatening disease and children with critical influenza A virus infection are the susceptive population. In the epidemic season of in－fluenza A virus，plastic bronchitis should be considered in children undergoing rapid and progressive respiratory distress with lung at－electasis or consolidation on chest radiograph. If the patient poorly responds to conventional therapies，bronchoscopic extraction of casts should be carried out early. Meanwhile we should master the pointers and strategies of mechanical ventilation to reduce the oc－currence of the complications associated.

Abstract:Objective：To characterize the biological properties of a pathogenic bacteria separated from blood sample from a patient with endocarditis，and then to investigate the pathogenesis preliminarily. Methods：Isolates were initially identified by standard bio－chemical tests including micro biochemical tubes. The bacterial 16 S ribosomal RNA gene（16 S rRNA） was sequenced for molecular biological identification. Biofilms of the isolates were formed in vitro by standard methods. Results：The phenotypic and genotypic re－sults of the isolate were corresponded well with those of Neisseria elongata spp. nitroreducens. In vitro model exhibited the ability of isolates to develop mature biofilms. Conclusion：The reported first case of endocarditis due to Neisseria elongata subsp. nitroreducens in China may attract the attention of clinical microbiologist in identifying this organism.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the expression and significance of cylindromatosis（CYLD） in pathological scar tissues and fibrob－lasts. Methods：Seventy-two skin specimens were collected from clinical patients and were divided into normal skin group（20 samples），normal scar group（14 samples），Keloids group（25 samples） and hypertrophic scars group（13 samples）. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the protein expression of CYLD in each group and the results were compared. Keloids，hypertrophic scars and surrounding normal skin tissues（10 specimens of each group） were collected for primary fibroblasts culture with tissue adherent method. Expressions of CYLD protein in the three kinds of fibroblasts were detected by Western blot. Results：The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the positive expressions of CYLD protein in group A and group B were significantly higher than those in group C and group D（F=213.832，P=0.000）. There were statistically significant differences in expression of CYLD protein be－tween group A and groups C，D（P=0.000） and between group B and groups C，D（P=0.000）. ②Results of Western blot showed that the expression of CYLD protein in normal skin tissues and normal scars tissues were higher than those of keloids and hypertrophic scars（F=424.685，P=0.000）. ③Expressions of CYLD protein in normal skin fibroblasts were also significantly higher than those of keloid fibroblasts and hypertrophic scars fibroblasts（F=90.306，P=0.000）. Conclusion：Expression of CYLD protein in pathological scar fi－broblasts is lower than that of normal skin，indicating that the low expression of CYLD may play an important role in the formation of pathological scar.

Abstract:Objective：To discuss the clinical significance of amniotic membrane transplantation combined with mitomycin C in the treatment of symblepharon after severe eye burns. Methods：Twenty-seven patients（27 eyes） with severe symblepharon were treated with symblepharon resection then were transplanted with preserved human amniotic membrane combined with mitomycin C for bulbar conjunctiva and corneal surface reconstruction. Results：Symblepharon of 27 eyes was improved after operation，21 eyes（77.8%） ob－tained fine results；6 eyes（22.2%） had slight symblepharon recurrence，but were improved obviously compared with that of pre-opera－tion，no invalid case was found. Conclusion：Amniotic membrance transplantation combined with mitocmycin C is an ideal method in the treatment of symblepharon after severe eye burns and it is worthy to be popularized.

Abstract:Objective：To study the clinical efficacy of autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation（APBSCT） in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma（NHL）. Methods：A total of 56 patients who underwent APBSCT from February 2009 to October 2013 in the hospital were enrolled in the study. There were 37 males and 19 females with a median age of 44 years（16-69 years）；46 cases were in remission，7 cases in partial remission and 3 cases in relapsed or refractory. Results：Among 56 patients treated by APBSCT，55 patients obtained hematopoi－etic reconstitution. The median time for neutrophils recovery（＞0.5×109/L） was 9.5（7-18） d and platelet recovery（＞20×109/L） was 11.5（6-24） d. Twenty-four patients experienced fever during granulocyte lack phase，5 patients experienced mild-to-moderate diarrhea，one patient had mild liver function damage and one patient had herpes zoster. All patients were followed up till the 1st April，2014，and the median follow-up time was 20.25（3-60.5） months. Forty-five cases survived（5 cases alive with disease）；10 cases relapsed；11 cases died（5 cases died of recurrence）. The recurrence rate was 17.9%. Overall survival and disease-free survival were 80.4% and 71.4% respectively. Conclusion：With the advantages of quicker hematopoietic reconstruction and fewer non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma，APBSCT is effective in the treatment of NHL.

Abstract:Objective：To observe the therapeutic effect of sanyrene on prevention of skin injury caused by abnormal defecation in high risk patients. Methods：A total of 157 high risk patients with abnormal defecation were randomly divided into observational group and control group. Seventy-nine patients in observational group used sanyrene liquid dressing to spray the crissum and hip area after using warm water to clean，while 78 patients in control group used warm water to clean. Results：There were statistically significant differences in the occurrence rate of crissum skin injury between the two groups；lower in observational group than in control group. Conclusion：Sanyrene can effectively prevent skin injury caused by abnormal defecation in high risk patients and can be promoted in clinics.