Abstract:Cognitive impairment is a common non-motor symptom with higher disability in Parkinson’s disease（PD）. The prediction and early identification of cognitive impairment in PD is one of the current challenges. Multiple types of biomarkers related to PD are under clinical evaluation，among which quantitative electroencephalogram（qEEG） is regarded as one of the biomarkers for evaluating cognitive impairment in PD. This article reviews the research progress in qEEG and cognitive impairment in PD.

Abstract:Environmental enrichment has a great influence on neural plasticity，and such stimulation can induce changes in the mor－phological structure and behavioral functions of the nervous system. The mechanism involves changes in genetics，epigenetics，and neurobiology. Environmental enrichment can alleviate or even reverse neurological damage after morphine exposure and has a potential guiding significance in the treatment of behavioral disorder and cognitive impairment and the prevention of addiction and recurrence. This article introduces the perspectives of environmental enrichment in the intervention of morphine addiction.

Abstract:Central nervous system（CNS） demyelination is a neuropathic disease characterized by demyelination with relatively little involvement of neuronal bodies and axons，and oligodendrocyte damage is the leading cause of CNS demyelination. Enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells（OPCs） can improve myelin repair. Therefore，studying the mecha－nism of proliferation and differentiation of OPCs can provide a new idea and new target for the treatment of demyelinating diseases. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily highly conserved signal transduction pathway widely found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and is closely related to the differentiation and development of cells，tissues，and organs. In recent years，studies have found that Notch sig－naling plays an important role in the regeneration of myelin. This article briefly reviews the role of Notch signaling in the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs.

Abstract:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis（CVST） is a rare type of stroke，and secondary subarachnoid hemorrhage（SAH） is even less common. Because of the disease’s own characteristics and the limitations of diagnosis，it is easy to miss and misdiagnose，leading to poor prognosis. This review focused on the pathogenesis，clinical manifestations，and diagnosis and treatment of this disease，so as to improve the recognition of the disease.

Abstract:Microglia are important immune cells in the central nervous system. They play a dual role in inflammatory damage and neuroprotection during inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia. After cerebral ischemia，microglia are activated and prolifer－ated，converting into M1 phenotype and M2 phenotype. Different microglia phenotypes have different effects on cerebral ischemia. M1-polarized microglia inhibit the recovery of central nervous system by releasing inflammatory mediators，while M2-polarized microglia promote tissue regeneration and repair by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines，transforming growth factor，and brain-derived nerve growth factor. This article reviews the activation and mechanism of action，migration and proliferation，polarization，and the effect of microglia on cerebral ischemia.

Abstract:Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system，which is prone to develop in young and middle-aged patients. The disease can lead to a variety of dysfunctions，such as problems with cognition，movement，sensation，and language. It is of great significance to explore the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and identify effective drug targets. By analyzing and summa－rizing recent advances in the study of multiple sclerosis at home and abroad，the purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for further elucidating the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of this disease.

Abstract:Glioma is one of the most common primary nervous system tumors，with high heterogeneity，high resistance to regular treatment，high relapse and high malignancy grade. HuR is a RNA-binding protein that belongs to the ELAV gene family，and is always up-regulating in glioma tissues. It regulates cell proliferation，differentiation and survival through post-transcriptional regulation to promote tumor progression，suggesting that HuR can be an important target for treatment and prognosis of glioma. In this review，we summarized HuR’s structural features，expression in gliomas，mechanisms to mediate glioma’s development and progression，as well as related therapies.

Abstract:Laser capture microdissection（LCM） technique can accurately separate a single type of cells or a single cell from complex tissue samples. It is a common tool for studying the specific expression of tissue or cells and their molecular mechanism and is an indispensable technique in the field of life sciences in the 21st century. At present，LCM has been widely used in the research on is－chemic cerebrovascular diseases. This article describes the principle，classification，development，application，and perspectives of LCM and analyzes the application of LCM in cerebral ischemia.

Abstract:Objective：To introduce and compare four commonly used rating scales for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD），and to help physicians engaged in general pediatrics，child care，and developmental and behavioral pediatrics to understand and select these scales. Methods：Related articles were searched for and analyzed retrospectively. Results：Conners’ Rating Scale was developed the earliest，and Vanderbilt Rating Scale was developed the latest. Swanson，Nolan and Pelham Rating Scales，ADHD Diagnostic Scale-Parent Version，and Vanderbilt Rating Scale were developed with reference to the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The contents of the screening of comorbidities and parent/teacher follow-up scales were added to Vanderbilt Rating Scale. The national norm and psychometric studies of Conners’ Rating Scale and ADHD Diagnostic Scale-Parent Version are relatively complete in China，and the psychometric studies of Vanderbilt Rating Scale in foreign countries have shown that this scale has good psychometric features，but there is a lack of related studies in China. Conclusion：New scales，such as Vanderbilt Rating Scale，should be introduced and standardized to improve clinical diagnosis and follow-up management. Rating scales and application standards which meet the basic conditions of China should be developed in the future to adapt to the actual situation of the relationship between medicine，education，and family and promote the comprehensive diagnosis，treatment，and management of ADHD in China.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect of transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells（hUC-MSCs），neu－ronal-differentiation hUC-MSCs（Dif），neuronal-dedifferentiation hUC-MSCs（De-Dif），and neuronal-redifferentiation hUC-MSCs （Re-Dif） in the treatment of rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage（HIBD），and to find seed cells with better therapeutic efficiency. Methods：The hUC-MSCs were cultured in vitro，and neuronal differentiation，dedifferentiation，and redifferentiation were induced by the MNM neural induction method. The morphology of the cells in these four states was observed under a light microscope，and gene expression was analyzed by whole-gene expression profile microarray. The cells were transplanted into HIBD animals with nerve injury to perform functional detection. The gene and protein detection methods were used to investigate the possible mecha－nism of optimal seed cells. Results：Neuronal differentiation，dedifferentiation，and redifferentiation of hUC-MSCs were suc－cessfully performed in vitro. The whole-gene expression profile microarray showed reprogramming expression of genes in hUC-MSCs，Dif，De-Dif，and Re-Dif，and De-Dif and hUC-MSCs had similar gene expression patterns. The four groups of cells were trans－planted into the HIBD experimental rats，and the results showed that all four types of cells promoted neurological function recovery in HIBD rats，and De-Dif had a greater potential for nerve repair than the other three types of cells（P=0.000）. Gene ontology analysis was performed for hUC-MSCs and De-Dif，and the results showed that De-Dif was mainly involved in hypoxia response. Compared with the hUC-MSCs group，the De-Dif group had significantly higher expression of the nerve markers microtubule associated protein 2（MAP2），neuron-specific enolase（NSE），Tau，and β-tubulinⅢ and the stem genes C-MYC，NANOG，and RARβ. Conclusion：Ded－ifferentiation may regulate the expression of the nerve markers MAP2，NSE，Tau，and β-tubulinⅢ and the stem genes C-MYC，NANOG，and RARβ by reprogramming，which promotes the participation of De-Dif in HIBD nerve repair.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the change in the expression of aquaporin-4（AQP4） after chronic cerebral ischemia and the possible role of AQP4. Methods：A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group（N group with 10 rats） and experimental group with 30 rats；according to the duration of cerebral ischemia，the experiment group was further divided into 2-week chronic cerebral ischemia group（2W group with 10 rats），1-month-old group（1M group with 10 rats），and 2-month-old group（2M group with 10 rats）. Ligation of both common carotid arteries was performed to establish a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia. The wet-dry weight method was used to measure brain water content，hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the histological changes of brain tissue，and Nissl staining was used to observe cell apoptosis. Immunofluorescence assay was used to measure the expression and distribution of AQP4，and Western blot was used to measure the relative expression level of AQP4 protein. Immunofluorescence assay was used to measure the expression of AQP4 and IBA1，a marker for microglial cells. Results：There was no significant difference in brain water content between the 2W/1M/2M groups and the N（77.778±0.042/77.813±0.142/77.805±0.027 vs. 77.786±0.029，F=0.136，P=0.936），and there was no significant difference between the 2W，1M，and 2M groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining showed that compared with the N group，the experimental group had disordered arrangement of brain cells，karyopyknosis or dis－appearance of nuclei in some cells，and a reduction in Nissl bodies. Immunofluorescence assay showed that compared with the N group，the 2W，1M，and 2M groups had significantly higher expression of AQP4 in the prefrontal lobe（166.722±3.660/200.347±0.284/229.333±5.033 vs. 90.000±1.000，F=1 089.311，P=0.000） and the parietal lobe（215.107±1.817/223.014±2.080/232.654±1.319 vs. 171.512±1.340，F=784.332，P=0.000），as well as activation and proliferation of microglial cells，and AQP4 was partially co-labeled with IBA1（prefrontal lobe：0.822±0.000/0.907±0.016/0.970±0.020 vs. 0.718±0.012，F=182.218，P=0.000；parietal lobe：0.912±0.005/0.966±0.003/0.751±0.003 vs. 0.861±0.009，F=785.416，P=0.000）. Western blotting showed that compared with the N group，the 2W，1M，and 2M groups had a significant increase in the expression of AQP4 in brain tissue over the time of ischemia（prefrontal lobe：0.938±0.028/1.185±0.011/1.515±0.060 vs. 0.589±0.026，F=587.102，P=0.000；parietal lobe：0.865±0.044/1.228±0.082/1.282±0.047 vs. 0.663±0.073，F=86.881，P=0.000）. Conclusion：After chronic cerebral ischemia，hypoxia and ischemia may cause neuronal apoptosis，activation and proliferation of microglial cells，and upregulation of AQP4 expression，suggesting that AQP4 may be involved in the inflammatory process after chronic cerebral ischemia.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect of curcumin the autophagy of N2a/APP695swe cells and its possible mechanism. Methods：N2a/WT cells and N2a/APP695swe cells were selected as experimental cells. They were divided into four groups：N2a/WT group（WT group），N2a/APP695swe group（APP group），dimethylsulfoxide（DMSO） solvent control group（DMSO group，5 μmol/L，24 h），and cur－cumin treatment group（curcumin group，5 μmol/L，24 h）. Western blot was used to determine the expression of autophagy marker — microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B-Ⅱ（LC3BⅡ），substrate protein-sequestosome 1（SQSTM1），and Rab family proteins（Rab1，Rab5，Rab7，Rab9，Rab24，and Rab33B）. Immunofluorescence assay was performed using a confocal microscope to verify the expression of LC3BⅡ and SQSTM1. Results：Western blot results demonstrated that the curcumin group had significantly higher ex－pression of LC3BⅡ compared with the APP group and the DMSO group（0.54±0.02 vs. 0.29±0.09，P=0.000；0.54±0.02 vs. 0.29±0.09，P=0.000）. However，the curcumin group had significantly lower expression of SQSTM1 than the APP group（0.67±0.01 vs. 1.02±0.02，P=0.000）. And the immunofluorescence assay of LC3BⅡ and SQSTM1 confirmed the above results. Western blot results also showed that the curcumin group had significantly increased expression of Rab1，Rab5，Rab7，and Rab33B compared with the APP group（1.00±0.02 vs. 0.63±0.02，P=0.000；0.94±0.03 vs. 0.79±0.03，P=0.000；0.75±0.00 vs. 0.56±0.01，P=0.000；0.88±0.04 vs. 0.59±0.03，P=0.000）. However，there were no significant differences in the expression of Rab9 and Rab24 between the APP group and the curcumin group（1.04±0.02 vs. 1.06±0.02，P=0.578；0.79±0.00 vs. 0.80±0.00，P=0.067）. Conclusion：Curcumin can enhance the autophagy of N2a/APP695swe cells，probably by increasing the expression of Rab1，Rab5，Rab7，and Rab33B.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of dendrobium alkaloids（DNLA） on the Ht22 cell injury induced by oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion（OGD/R）. Methods：Ht22 cell lines were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into 9 groups，i.e. control group（without any treatment），OGD/R group，OGD/R+ low-dose DNLA treatment group（0.03 mg/mL），OGD/R + medium-dose DNLA treatment group（0.3 mg/mL），OGD/R + high-dose DNLA treatment group（3 mg/mL），OGD/R+VX765（inhibitor of Caspase-1） group（10 ng/mL），OGD/R+PEG3000→Media group（normal medium was supplemented with medium containing PEG3000（1%） in the process of OGD/R），OGD/R+Media→PEG3000 group（normal medium was supplemented with medium containing PEG3000（1%） after the process of OGD/R） and PEG3000（1%） group. OGD/R model was established for Ht22 cells after a 2 h oxygen glucose deprivation and 24 h reperfusion. DNLA was added from 12 hours before oxygen glucose deprivation and continued to the end of reperfusion. VX765 was added from the beginning of oxygen glucose deprivation and continued to the end of reperfusion. Cell activity rate was de－tected by MTT assay，and cell injury rate was determined by LDH assay. Then OGD/R+high-dose DNLA treatment group（3 mg/mL） was chosen for subsequent tests. Cell pyroptotic rate was measured by flow cytometry Annexin V FIFT/PI double staining，and expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins Caspase-1，GSDMD and GSDMD-C，were detected by Western blot assay，as well as in－terleukin-1β（IL-1β），interleukin-6（IL-6） and interleukin-18（IL-18）. The expression of Caspase-1 in Ht22 cells was detected by immunofluorescence staining，and the process of pyroptotic Ht22 cells was observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Results：The pyroptotic process of Ht22 cells was observed by SEM after OGD/R. Compared with the control group，cell activity notably decreased in the OGD/R group（P=0.008），while cell injury rate and pyroptotic rate increased（P=0.009，P=0.005）. Expression of Caspase-1（P=0.000） and GSDMD（P=0.001） proteins were significantly increased，while expression of GSDMD-C（P=0.004） interest－ingly decreased. The protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β（P=0.006），IL-6（P=0.004） and IL-18（P=0.000） were also significantly increased，and the viability and injury rate of Ht22 cells in the PEG3000 group were not obviously changed（P=0.005，P=0.007）. Compared with the OGD/R group，the 3 DNLA treatment groups showed increased cell viability and signif－icantly decreased cell injury rate and pyroptotic rate，especially in the high-dose DNLA treatment group（P=0.005，P=0.009，P=0.003）. The expression of Caspase-1，GSDMD that related to pyroptosis decreased a lot（P=0.005，P=0.008），while GSDMD-C proteins levels increased a lot（P=0.002），and the protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β（P=0.005），IL-6（P=0.000） and IL-18（P=0.007） were decreased. The cell viability also increased in the OGD/R+VX765 group（P=0.007），and at the same time，the cell injury rate and pyroptotic rate obviously decreased（P=0.002，P=0.008）. The expression levels of Caspase-1（P=0.006） and GSD－MD（P=0.007） were decreased，while the expression levels of GSDMD-C（P=0.004） increased. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines，IL-1β（P=0.006），IL-6（P=0.004） and IL-18（P=0.001），were significantly increased. Intriguingly，compared with the OGD/R+Media→PEG3000 group，the cell viability rate of the OGD/R+PEG3000→Media group increased（P=0.007，P=0.006）and its cell injury rate decreased（P=0.006，P=0.003）. Conclusions：The Ht22 cells induced by OGD/R showed the process of pyroptosis. DNLA has a neuroprotective effect on OGD/R-induced Ht22 cell damage. The mechanisms may involve with the inhibition of the expression of Caspase-1，a protein related to pyroptosis.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α（HIF-2α） in intracerebral hemorrhage（ICH） injury，and to determine whether HIF-2α is involved in the regulation of inflammatory response after ICH. Methods：There were 95 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats，and 35 of them were randomly assigned to seven groups for different data collection time points：Sham，12 h，24 h，48 h，3 d，5 d，and 7 d，with 5 rats in each group. The other 60 rats were randomly divided into Sham group（sham operation group with injection of the same amount of normal saline），ICH group（ICH model group with collagenase-induced ICH），Vehicle group（empty vector group with injection of empty lentiviral vector before modeling），and Oe-HIF-2α group（HIF-2α over－expression group with injection of HIF-2α overexpression lentiviral vector before modeling） for brain water content mea－surement，neurological function scoring，Western blot analysis，and immunofluorescence detection. The severity of brain injury was assessed by brain water content and Garcia neurological deficit scores. The expression levels of HIF-2α，tumor necrosis factor α（TNF-α），interleukin 18（IL-18），and interleukin 1 beta（IL-1β） were determined by Western blot，and the expression of myeloper－oxidase（MPO） was determined by immunofluorescence assay. Results：The expression of HIF-2α began to increase at 24 hours after ICH（0.555 4±0.070 2，P=0.000），peaked on day 3（2.368 4±0.346 6，P=0.000），and then decreased. Compared with the ICH group on day 3，the Oe-HIF-2α group had significantly decreased brain water content（0.793 5±0.002 5，P=0.000），significantly improved neurological function（14.700 0±0.674 9，P=0.000），and significantly reduced expression of inflammatory mediators including TNF-α（1.350 4±0.191 5，P=0.000），IL-1β（1.158 4±0.070 8，P=0.000），and IL-18（0.784 2±0.073 9，P=0.000）；the expression of MPO in the surrounding area of lesion was significantly lower in the Oe-HIF-2α group than in the ICH group（3.500 0±0.534 5 vs. 5.125 0±0.991 0，P=0.002）. Conclusion：After ICH，HIF-2α is upregulated，and it can suppress the expression of inflammatory factors includ－ing TNF-α，IL-1β，and IL-18 to reduce inflammatory response and ICH injury in rats.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the effect and mechanism of conditioned medium from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells（BMSCs） on the survival of neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation（OGD） injury. Methods：BMSCs and neurons were respectively cultured from 6 to 8 weeks（60 to 80 g） or pregnant 16 to 18 days Sprague-Dawley rats. After culturing for 5 days，primary cultured neurons were collected to build the model of OGD. Then experiments were randomly divided into four groups，including OGD group，OGD+CM group（the medium of neuron was replaced by culture medium of BMSCs after oxygen-glucose deprivation），OGD+CM+LY294002 group，OGD+LY294002 group（inhibitor LY294002 of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways were added to the above of two groups）. Morphology of neurons were observed by electron and light microscope after culturing for 12 h later in 4 groups. All the groups of neurons were cultured for 2 h later，and the protein levels of active Casepase-3 and pAKT（Ser473） were detected by Western bolt. After 48 h later，the survival rate of neurons was analyzed. Results：The neurite of neurons followed OGD injury were destructive and partially disappeared. Organelle of neurons，such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion，were swelled. In OGD+LY294002 group，the survival rate of neurons and expression level of pAKT（Ser473） were decreased（t=3.679，P=0.021；t=2.938，P=0.042），while the level of active Casepase-3 was increased（t=4.733，P=0.009） compared with those in OGD+CM group. The survival rate of neurons and expression level of pAKT（Ser473） were increased（t=6.630，P=0.003；t=3.288，P=0.030），while the level of active Casepase-3 was decreased（t=3.454，P=0.026） in OGD+CM group than in OGD+LY294002 group. In comparison with OGD+CM，the survival rate and level of pAKT（Ser473） were decreased（t=14.255，P=0.000；t=3.872，P=0.018） in OGD+CM+LY294002 group，while level of active Casepase-3 was increased（t=6.699，P=0.003）. Conclusion：BMSCs promote the survival of neurons after OGD damage，and its mechanisms may be related to the activation of PI3K/AKT protein signaling pathway.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the expression and function of CX3CL1，an inflammatory chemokine，in the brain tissue of mutant P301L transgenic mice. Methods：A total of 10 mutant P301L transgenic mice aged 9 months and 10 wild-type mice aged 9 months were selected. Western blot was used to measure the expression of CX3CL1 in brain tissue. Brain tissue samples were collected to pre－pare frozen sections，and immunofluorescence assay was performed with anti-p-tau and anti-CX3CL1 antibodies. Results：Compared with the wild-type mice，the transgenic mice had a significant increase in the expression of CX3CL1 in brain tissue. The immunofluo－rescence assay showed the co-expression of CX3CL1 and p-tau. Conclusion：CX3CL1 is significantly up-regulated in the brain tissue of mutant P301L transgenic mice and may play a role in the inflammatory mechanism of nerve injury induced by tau.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effects of short hairpin RNA（shRNA）-mediated knockdown of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ beta（CaMKⅡβ） on behavior and neurotransmitter levels in depressed mice. Methods：Forty-five mice were ran－domly divided into control group，model group，and experimental group. The experimental group received an intracortical injection of CaMKⅡβ shRNA adeno-associated virus at 1×109 CFU/mouse，and both the control group and model group received an intracortical injection of control shRNA adeno-associated virus at 1×109 CFU/mouse. After four weeks of infection，chronic unpredictable stress was applied in both the model group and experimental group to develop an animal model of depression，followed by tail suspension，forced swimming，sugar water consumption，and covered box tests. The levels of dopamine（DA），5-hydroxytryptamine（5-HT），and norepinephrine（NE） in the prefrontal cortex of three groups of mice were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results：Compared with the control group and model group，the experimental group had significantly lower CaMKⅡβ expression with CaMKⅡβ shRNA adeno-associated virus（P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in the number of horizontal and vertical movements between the three groups（P>0.05）. Compared with the control group，both the model group and experimental group had significantly longer immobility time in tail suspension and forced swimming tests and less sugar water consumption（P<0.05）. Compared with the model group，the experimental group had significantly longer immobility time in tail suspension and forced swimming tests and less sugar water consumption（P<0.05）. Compared with the control group，both the model group and experimental group had significantly lower levels of DA，5-HT，and NE（P<0.05）. Compared with the model group，the experimental group had signifi－cantly higher levels of DA，5-HT，and NE（P<0.05）. Conclusion：Adeno-associated virus-mediated CaMKⅡβ shRNA can signifi－cantly down-regulate the level of CaMKⅡβ and up-regulate the levels of DA，5-HT，and NE in brain tissue，thus achieving the effect of treating depression.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the relationship of constipation and sleep disorders with emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder（ASD）. Methods：This study included 172 children with ASD who visited the Development and Behavior Center of Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and a special training institution in Chongqing from July 2017 to February 2018，as well as 129 sex-matched normal children from a kindergarten in Chongqing（as controls）. A questionnaire was used to investigate the incidence of constipation and sleep disorders as well as common problematic behaviors in the normal children and those with ASD. The autism behavior checklist（ABC） was used to evaluate the core symptoms of children with ASD，and the influence of constipation and sleep disorders on emotional and behavioral problems was analyzed in children with ASD. Results：The incidence rates of constipation and sleep disorders were significantly higher in the children with ASD than in the nor－mal children[constipation：32.6%（95%CI=25.5%-39.6%） vs. 15.5%（95%CI=9.2%-21.8%），P=0.001；sleep disorders：71.5%（95%CI=64.7%-78.3%） vs. 45.7%（95%CI=37%-54.4%），P=0.000]. ASD children with sleep disorders had higher scores on the interaction dimensions of ABC（P=0.044）. A positive correlation between constipation and sleep disorders was observed in the children with ASD（rs=0.219，P=0.004）. ASD children with constipation or sleep disorders were more prone to emotional problems including drastic emotional changes and irregular moodiness（P<0.05），as well as soliloquy，palinphrasia，constant changes in movements and postures，and other stereotyped behaviors（P<0.05）. ASD children with sleep disorders were more likely to attack people with objects（P<0.05）. The children with ASD had a significantly higher comorbidity rate of constipation and sleep disorders than the normal children[27.3%（47 cases） vs. 12.4%（16 cases），P<0.05]. ASD children with comorbidity of constipation and sleep disorders were more prone to emotional problems including drastic emotional changes，irregular moodiness，and unexplained anger（P<0.05），as well as soliloquy，palinphrasia，constant changes in movements and postures，and other stereotyped behaviors（P<0.05）. The tendency towards attack and self-harm was not observed in the children with comor－bidity of constipation and sleep disorders（P>0.05）. Conclusion：Considering the high incidence rate of constipation and sleep disorders and their impact on mood and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors，it is necessary to include the identification of comorbid diseases like constipation and sleep disorders in the diagnosis and treatment in routine child care，and to integrate the comorbidity of constipa－tion and sleep disorders as part of the chronic disease management of children with ASD，so as to meet the needs of individualized comprehensive treatment for children with ASD. All these measures will effectively control the common problematic behaviors in chil－dren with ASD and improve their social function.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate serum uric acid in peripheral blood and its association with clinical features in patients with re－current depressive disorder. Methods：Serum uric acid was measured in 128 patients with recurrent depressive disorder（recurrent depressive disorder group），120 patients with first-episode depressive disorder（first-episode depressive disorder group），and 252 healthy controls（control group）. Patient health questionnaire-9（PHQ-9） and generalized anxiety disorder-7（GAD-7） were applied to assess the severity of depression and anxiety in the two diseased groups. Results：①Multiple linear regression analysis was performed and the results showed that the recurrent depressive disorder group and first-episode depressive disorder group had significantly lower serum uric acid levels than the control group（β=-0.327，P<0.001；β=-0.154，P<0.001），and the recurrent depressive disorder group had a significantly lower serum uric acid level than the first-episode depressive disorder group（β=-0.169，P<0.001）. ②The serum uric acid level in the recurrent depressive disorder group was negatively correlated with the duration of episode（r=-0.242，P<0.001）. Conclusion：Reduced antioxidative capacity might be associated with depressive disorder. Patients with recurrent depressive disorder have significantly reduced levels of antioxidant，which is also associated with the duration of episode.

Abstract:Objective：To explore related factors of poor prognosis in patients with severe neurological coma. Methods：A total of 117 patients with coma [Glasgow coma score（GCS）≤8] were included from January 2017 to April 2018 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University with the retrospective investigation method，and were divided into the survival group（n=74） and the death group（n=43） according to the Glasgow outcome score（GOS） when discharged. Data of included patients were retrospectively analyzed by specific person and analytical data included medical history data（gender，age，diagnosis and organs with incomplete function），disease assessment data[GCS score，acute physiology and chronic health evaluation（APACHE） Ⅱ score]，EEG indicator （EEG pattern within 72 hours of onset，basic background，amplitude characteristics，Synek grading by EEG background and amplitude characteristics，reactivity and sleep wave），and biochemical indicators within 72 hours（Na+，K+，Cl-，Ca2+，albumin，lactic acid and etc.）. Results：Logistic regression analysis showed that OR value of EEG reactivity was 4.717，95%CI=1.333 to 16.686；OR value of age was 1.057，95%CI=1.020 to 1.095；OR value of APACHE Ⅱ score was 1.201，95%CI=1.082 to 1.334；OR value of GCS score was 4.705，95%CI=1.322 to 16.743；all values were P<0.05. Conclusion：EEG reactivity，age，APACHE Ⅱ score，GCS score have association with death risks in acute phase in patients with severe neurological coma. In the clinical，we should pay close attention to those indicators，so as to make timely，objective and comprehensive prognostic judgments on patients.

Abstract:Objective：To compare the volume（V） and cross-sectional area（CSA） of the trigeminal nerves（TGNs） of the symptomatic side and the asymptomatic side in patients with and without primary trigeminal neuralgia（PTN），and to analyze the correlation between the above morphological parameters and the degree of facial pain and disease duration in PTN patients. Methods：43 PTN patients and 43 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were recruited in the study，all of the participants underwent three-di－mensional fast imaging employing steady state acquisition（3D-FIESTA） and time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography（TOF-MRA）. CSA and V of the TGNs were calculated using medical image processing，analysis，and visualization（MIPAV） software. Correlation of the above morphological parameters and visual analog scale（VAS） with disease duration in PTN group was analyzed. Results：V[（62.15±8.92） mm3] and CSA[（3.90±0.57） mm2] of the symptomatic TGN were signi cantly smaller than in the asymp－tomatic TGN in patients[V：80.93±10.01） mm3，CSA：（5.05±0.63） mm2] and bilateral sides in controls[V：（78.10±6.47） mm3，（4.91±0.39） mm2；FV=53.920，P=0.001；FCSA=52.519，P=0.001]. No statistical differences were detected between morphological data of the asymptomatic TGN and control TGNs. CSA（r=-0.643，P=0.001） and V（r=-0.608，P=0.001） of the symptomatic TGN had nega－tive correlation with VAS scores and showed a tendency（al－though not statistically signi cant） to have correlation with dis－ease duration in PTN patients. Conclusion：Degree of atrophy in the symptomatic TGN may become one of the imaging indicators for evaluating facial pain in PTN.

Abstract:Objective：To compare the recovery from oculomotor never palsy（ONP） following microsurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling for internal carotid-posterior communicating artery aneurysm（IC-PcomA），and to analyze the factors that affect ONP recovery. Methods：The clinical data of 50 patients with ONP secondary to IC-PcomA were reviewed. Of these 50 patients，37 underwent microsurgical clipping and 13 underwent endovascular coiling. ONP recovery at 3 months and 6 months post-surgery was compared between the two groups. In addition，age，gender，hypertension，diabetes，presence or absence of aneurysm rupture，treatment interval，degree of paralysis，aneurysm diameter，Hunt-Hess classification，surgical procedure，and postoperative ONP recovery were subjected to multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results：Univariate analysis of various preoperative factors showed that treatment interval had a significant impact on postoperative ONP recovery（P<0.05）. Further logistic regression analysis demonstrated that treatment interval was an independent factor affecting postoperative ONP recovery（P<0.05，odds ratio=0.134[0.034-0.528]，regression coeffi－cient=-2.009） and treatment interval was negatively correlated with treatment efficacy. There were no significant correlations between treatment efficacy and other factors（all P>0.05）. At 3 months post-surgery，the microsurgical clipping group had a higher complete ONP recovery rate（62.16%） and a lower partial ONP recovery rate（27.03%） compared with the endovascular coil－ing group（38.46% and 46.15%，respectively），but the differ－ences were not statistically significant（both P>0.05）. Similarly，at 6 months post-surgery，the microsurgical clipping group had a higher complete ONP recovery rate（75.68%） and a lower partial ONP recovery rate（13.51%） than the endovascular coiling group（61.54% and 23.08%，respectively），but the differences were not sta－tistically significant（both P>0.05）. Conclusion：Both microsurgical clipping and endovascular coiling can effectively improve ONP in IC-PcomA，and overall ONP recovery is similar between the two procedures. Treatment interval is an independent factor affect－ing complete postoperative ONP recovery，where shorter treatment interval leads to higher complete recovery rate.

Abstract:Objective：To study the imaging characteristics and clinical relevance of central nervous system（CNS） involvement in chil－dren with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis（HLH）. Methods：The imaging and clinical data of 90 children diagnosed with CNS-HLH in our hospital from January 2012 to November 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the imaging characteristics，the children were divided into three groups，namely normal group（Group 1），subarachnoid space and/or ventricular enlargement group （Group 2），and brain parenchymal lesions group（Group 3）. The chi-square test for trend was used to analyze the change tendency of the positive rates of cerebrospinal fluid（CSF） test，electroencephalogram（EEG），and clinical manifestations，and the non-parametric test（Kruskal-Wallis test） was used to analyze the intergroup differences in independent risk factors. Results：There were 30 children in Group 1（33.3%），34 children in Group 2（37.8%），and 26 children in Group 3（28.9%），with different brain images between the three groups. The imaging findings of Group 3 could be divided into small lesion type（46.2%），large or diffuse lesion type（34.6%），and hemorrhagic lesion type（19.2%）. The positive rates of CSF test，EEG，and clinical manifestations in the three groups were positively correlated with their group numbers（P<0.05 for all）. The microprotein content，cell number，and platelet count（PLT） of CSF were significantly different between the three groups（P<0.05 for all）. After pairwise comparison and Bonferroni correction of P value，Group 1 and Group 2 were only significantly different in CSF cell count（P<0.05），while there were significant differences in the microprotein content，cell number，and PLT of CSF between Group 1 and Group 3 and between Group 2 and Group 3（P<0.05 for all）. Conclusion：The brain images of HLH can reflect the severity and prognosis of the disease and provide an imaging basis for the adjustment of clinical treatment.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the clinical characteristics，treatment outcome，and prognosis of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate re－ceptor（NMDAR） encephalitis in children，and to improve the understanding of the disease. Methods：The clinical data of 90 children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis diagnosed in Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from August 2012 to January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Results：Of the 90 children aged from 8 months to 13 years，38（42.2%） were males，and 52（57.8%） were females. The first symptoms of the disease were seizure（47.8%） and psychiatric disorders（33.3%），and the most common clinical symptoms were dyskinesia in 81 cases（90%），psychiatric disorders in 70 cases（77.8%），seizure in 58 cases（64.4%），sleep disorders in 51 cases（56.7%），and cognitive dysfunction in 35 cases（38.9%）. Anti-NMDAR antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid were positive in all patients，more than 90% of the patients had abnormal electroencephalogram，about 50% had abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging，and tumor screening was negative in all patients. Seventy-four patients（82.2%） were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin（IVIG） and methylprednisolone，8 patients（8.9%） were treated with IVIG only，2 patients（2.2%） were treated with methylpred－nisolone only，2 patients（2.2%） received plasma exchange treatment，and 3 patients with recurrence and no remission received ritux－imab，mycophenolate mofetil，and azathioprine. After 2 to 52 months of follow-up，94.3% of the patients had a good prognosis，3.2% died，and 23.4% relapsed. Conclusion：Anti-NMDAR encephalitis has various clinical symptoms，and some clinical symptoms may be associated with the severity of the disease. The positive finding of anti-NMDAR antibody in cerebrospinal fluid can confirm the diag－nosis of the disease. The incidence of tumor in children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis is low. Early diagnosis and timely immunotherapy can improve prognosis.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect of magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex（M1） on bladder function in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury（SCI）. Methods：A total of 60 SCI patients with neurogenic bladder were randomly divided into experimental group，sham stimulation group，and control group. The patients in the experimental group were given conventional treat－ment combined with magnetic stimulation of M1，those in the sham stimulation group were given the same treatment as the experimen－tal group without magnetic stimulation，and those in the control group were given conventional treatment alone. The three groups were compared in terms of voiding diary，urodynamic parameters，and Qualiveen score before and after treatment. Results：All three groups had significant improvements in residual urine volume，daily single voided volume，bladder compliance，maximum urinary flow rate，maximum bladder capacity，and Qualiveen score after treatment（P<0.05），and there were significant differences in these indices between the experimental group and the other two groups（P<0.05）. Conclusion：Magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex can improve bladder function in patients with incomplete SCI.

Abstract:Objective：To analyze the safety and efficacy of early intravenous antiplatelet therapy with tirofiban after intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in patients with disability-causing acute ischemic minor stroke. Methods：Clinical data were successively collected using multimode image and also retrospectively analyzed regarding 80 minor stroke patients with small vascular lesions or large artery atherosclerosis. These patients with disability-causing acute ischemic minor stroke were admitted to the Department of Neurology at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from January 2011 to June 2018，each case on admission with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale（NIHSS） score of ≤5 and an onset time of <4.5 hours. According to whether tirofiban antiplatelet therapy was intravenously used in the early stage after intravenous thrombolysis，these patients were divided into standard treatment group（n=37） and early intravenous tirofiban treatment group（n=43）. The changes in NIHSS score were evaluated at 24 h，48 h，and day 7 of treatment or at discharge. In addition，the rate of deterioration of clinical symptoms（progression and recurrence），incidence rate of intracranial and other hemorrhages，mortality，and modified Rankin scale（mRS） score after 90 days were analyzed. Results：There were no significant differences between these two groups regarding their baseline data，including sex composition，age distribution，history of underlying diseases，NIHSS score before thrombolysis，constituent ratio of offending vessels，blood pressure，blood glucose，blood lipids，and pre-hospital use of antiplatelet drugs. The early intravenous tirofiban treatment group had a more reduction in NIHSS score than the standard treatment group，but there were no significant differences in NIHSS score between these two groups at 24 hours（NIHSS=2 vs. NIHSS=2，P=0.519），48 hours（NIHSS=2 vs. NIHSS=2，P=0.265），and day 7（NIHSS=3 vs. NIHSS=3，P=0.162） of treatment. The early intravenous tirofiban treatment group had a significantly lower rate of deterioration of clinical symptoms compared with the standard treatment group（4.7% vs. 18.9%，P<0.05）. The incidence rate of hemorrhages and mortality in both groups were 0. There were also no significant differences between the two groups regarding mRS score after 90 days（P>0.05）. Conclusion：It is safe and possibly more effective to perform early intravenous antiplatelet therapy with tirofiban after intravenous thrombolysis for disablity-causing acute ischemic minor strok.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the incidence rate of hearing disorder after microvascular decompression（MVD） for hemifacial spasm（HFS） and related factors. Methods：A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 205 patients who were di－agnosed with HFS and underwent MVD in Department of Neurosurgery，The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University，from January 2015 to January 2018. According to the presence or absence of hearing disorder after surgery，these patients were divided into hearing disorder group and non-hearing disorder group，and related clinical data were compared between these two groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for hearing disorder after surgery. Results：Of all 205 patients，24（11.7%） developed hearing disorder after surgery. The comparison between the two groups showed that intraoperative mastoid incision，physical injury of the acoustic nerve，and vasospasm of the nourishing blood vessels for the acoustic nerve were significantly associated with hearing disorder after surgery（P<0.05）；the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that intraop－erative mastoid incision（OR=5.495，95%CI＝1.217 to 24.815，P=0.027） and physical injury of the acoustic nerve with vasospasm of the nourishing blood vessels for the acoustic nerve（OR=9.158，95%CI＝1.219 to 68.785，P=0.031） were independent risk factors for hearing disorder after MVD. Conclusion：Mastoid incision during MVD for HFS and physical injury of the acoustic nerve with va－sospasm of the nourishing blood vessels for the acoustic nerve，including the internal auditory artery and the subarcuate artery，are in－dependent risk factors for hearing disorder after MVD. The incidence rate of postoperative hearing disorder can be reduced by avoiding intraoperative mastoid incision，injury of the acoustic nerve，and vasospasm of the nourishing blood vessels for the acoustic nerve.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the etiology and clinical features of children with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage（SIH）. Methods：A total of 213 children with SIH who were admitted to our hospital from January 2012 to December 2017 were enrolled，and their age，etiology，CT findings，and other clinical data were analyzed. Results：SIH mainly occurred in infancy（21.1%） and school age（41.3%），and main etiologies included vascular malformations（44.1%），hemorrhagic cerebral paragonimiasis（23.5%），and coagulation disorder（22.1%）. Hemorrhage due to coagulation disorder was the most common etiology in infancy，hemorrhagic cerebral paragoni-miasis was the most common etiology in pre-school age，and vascular malformations were the most common etiology in school age and adolescence. Hemorrhage due to coagulation disorder often occurred at multiple anatomical sites，hemorrhage due to vascular malfor-mations often occurred at a single anatomical site and was located in the brain parenchyma and the ventricle，and hemorrhage due to cerebral paragonimiasis was located in the superficial part of the frontal parietal occipital cortex. With the stabilization and absorption of the hematoma，ring-shaped high density with marked edema was observed around the lesion. Conclusion：SIH in children has a characteristic distribution in age and etiology，and hemorrhage due to different etiologies has its own imaging features. The cause of hemorrhage can be identified based on age and imaging findings，and active etiological treatment should be given at the same time to reduce the risk of rebleeding.

Abstract:Objective：To determine the correlation between the paralytic degree of upper limbs and blood perfusion and sympathetic nerve activity in stroke patients by radial artery color Doppler ultrasound and sympathetic skin response（SSR） measurements of the upper limbs. Methods：74 stroke patients with Brunnstrom’s score<3 were included in the study，and their upper limb function was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer assessment（FMA）. Peak systolic velocity（PSV），end diastolic velocity（EDV），diameter，blood flow volume（BFV），and resistance index（RI） were determined by ultrasound，and at the same time the SSR of the bilateral median nerve was determined. Pearson correlation coefficient（r value） was used to analyze the correlation between the paralytic degree of affected limbs and blood perfusion and SSR. Results：①The BFV and EDV of radial artery in the affected limb of stroke patients was smaller than those in the healthy limb（P=0.003）. ②The RI of radial artery in the affected limb was lower than that in the healthy limb（P=0.015）. ③The amplitude of SSR in the affected limb was lower than that in the healthy limb，but there was no obvious difference in incubation period. ④The FMA score was positively correlated with the ratio of the radial-artery BFVs in the affected and the healthy limb（r=0.712，P=0.046），and positively correlated with the amplitude of SSR（r=0.455，P=0.032）. Conclusions：Compared with the healthy limb，the blood perfusion of the affected limb was significantly reduced and the degree of limb dysfunction was aggravated. There is a certain degree of sympathetic regulation disorder in the paralytic upper limbs. However，as an evaluation index of sympa－thetic function，SSR amplitudes can’t reveal the condition of radial artery accurately.

Abstract:Objective：To analyze the clinical characteristics，treatment and prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus（SLE） with neu－romyelitis optica（NMO）. Methods：Clinical manifestation，laboratory examination，and diagnosis and treatment of one child with SLE and NMO in our hospital was summarized，and clinical data of 30 reported cases about SLE with NMO at home and abroad were analyzed in combination with our case. Results：①The patient was 10 years and 8 months old，with onset of skin rash and arthritis. He developed progressive muscle weakness，impaired vision，proteinuria，positive serum autoantibody to nuclear antigen（ANA），positive anti-NMO-immunoglobuin G（IgG） antibody and abnormal edema pattern in the whole spinal cord，with final diagnosis of SLE with NMO. He was treated by methylprednisolone pulse and immuneglobulin（IVIG） pulse，oral mycophenolate mofetil（MMF），and intra－venous rituximab（RTX）. After treatment，his vision and myodynamia were gradually recovered，without relapse after six months of fol－low-up. ②Combing with literatures，the most common clinical manifestations among those 31 patients were impaired vision（27/31），muscle weakness（24/31） and paresthesia（21/31）. All patients had positive ANA and abnormal MRI signals of spinal cord，including positive double-stranded DNA（dsDNA） antibody（17/26），hypocomplementemia（13/24） and positive NMO-IgG antibody（24/26）. ③All patients were treated with glucocorticoid；treatment in the acute phase included methylprednisolone pulse（27/31），lasmaphere－sis （11/31），IVIG（9/31） and so on. All 30 patients were treated with immunosuppressants，including cyclophosphamide（CTX） pulse （15/31），intravenous RTX（10/31），azathioprine（AZA）（8/31），and oral MMF（7/31）. ④Those 12 patients treated with CTX had a following up for more than half a year，including relapse of 6 patients（31 times of relapse，including 31 times of myelitis and 2 times of optic neuritis）；among 10 patients treated with RTX，8 patients had no recurrence and 4 patients had a re－duced annual recurrence rate. Conclusion：SLE complicated with NMO is characterized by repeated polyphase course with high re－currence rate，is also prone to complications such as paralysis and blindness and etc. and positive rate of serum NMO-IgG antibody and spinal MRI is high. Early methylprednisolone pulse in combination with RTX can reduce the frequency of recurrence，and signifi－cantly improve the condition and prognosis.

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