Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor（EGFR） expression on the proliferation，invasion and migration of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors（MPNST） cells，and its regulation mechanism on C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12（CXCR4/CXCL12） signaling pathway. Methods：The tumor tissues of 50 cases of MPNST who were surgically removed from the lesions in our hospital from June 2017 to June 2019 were collected as the observation group，and 50 cases of dermal neurofibroma（DNF） were collected as the control group. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of EGFR. Cell experiments were divided into 3 groups：Normal group（cells were regularly cultured without external intervention）；Control group（cells were transfected with 150 nmol/L EGFR-siRNA-NC and then regularly cultured）；exper－imental group（EGFR-siRNA group，cells were transfected with 150 nmol/L EGFR-siRNA and then regularly cultured）. Besides，5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine（EdU） assay was used to detect the proliferation ability of each group of cells；the Transwell chamber test was used to detect the migration and invasion ability of each group of cells；the nude mouse subcutaneous tumor model was used to detect the growth and migration ability in vivo of each group of cells；gene chips and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（RT-qPCR） was used to determine the target genes of the silence of EGFR；Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of EGFR，CXCR4 and CXCL12 in each group of cells. Results：The immunohistochemical results showed that compared with the control group’s（2.35±0.32）%，the positive expression rate of EGFR in the tumor tissues of MPNST patients was （78.94±12.25）%，with significant differences（t=123.573，P=0.000）. Compared with the Normal group，the cell proliferation（t=53.147，P=0.000），invasion and migration ability（t=26.947，t=34.638，both P=0.000），the growth and migration ability in vivo（t=15.683，t=22.197，both P=0.000） of the EGFR-siRNA group were significantly reduced. Gene chip and RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that CXCR4 and CXCL12 were the target genes of EGFR. Compared with the Normal group，the expression of EGFR，CXCR4 and CXCL12 in the cells of the EGFR-siRNA group were decreased significantly（t=2.579，t=2.673，t=2.945，all P=0.000）. Conclusion：In MPNST，EGFR can regulate the expression of CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling pathway and regulate the biological malignant behavior of tumors. Silencing the expression of EGFR can significantly reduce the proliferation，invasion and migration of cancer cells.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the differential expression of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes in early development-arrest-embryo tissue and normal early embryonic tissue. Methods：The expression of Bcl-2 and c-Myc oncogenes and P53 and P16 anti-oncogenes in chorionic tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemical method from 56 cases of normal early embryonic tissue and 68 cases of early development-arrest-embryo tissue. Results：The positive rates of Bcl-2 and c-Myc oncogenes in normal early embryonic tissue and early development-arrest-embryo tissue were 53.57%（30/56） vs. 30.36%（17/56） and 77.94%（53/68） vs. 45.59%（31/68） respectively. The positive rates of P53 and P16 anti-oncogenes in normal early embryonic tissue and early development-arrest-embryo tissue were 39.29%（22/56） vs. 73.21%（41/56） and 27.94%（19/68） vs. 47.06%（32/68） respectively. Conclusion：The balanced expression of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes plays an important role in early embryonic development.

Abstract:Objective：To study the inhibitory effect of supernatant from contact co-culture of human embryonic stem cells（hESCs） and tumor A549 cells on proliferation，apoptosis，invasion and migration of A549 cells. Methods：The direct co-culture system of hESCs H9 and lung cancer A549 cells was established，and the supernatant was tested in the inhibition of A549 cells. The A549 cell super－natant was used as the blank control group，and the hESC H9 supernatant was used as the control group. The inhibitory effects were examined in tumor cell morphology using microscope，cell proliferation with CCK-8 assay，and cell apoptosis with the Hoechst staining. Wound healing assay was used to detect the migration and invasion of tumor cells. Results：The number of tumor cells in the experimental group was gradually reduced and even apoptosis was observed under the microscope. CCK-8 method detected that the proliferation of tumor cells in the experimental group was significantly inhibited（P<0.05）. Hoechst staining found that the nuclei of the experimental group showed typical apoptotic morphology. The results of wound healing assay showed that the percentage of wound closure of tumor cells in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the blank control group and the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion：We conclude that the supernatant of co-culture cells had an inhibitory effect on tumor cells in vitro.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-19（MMP-19） in gastric adenocarcinoma，explore its correlation with N-cadherin（N-cad），and analyze its prognostic significance. Methods：In our study，64 patients with gastric adenocar－cinoma of operation were collected as the study objects in the Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology. Tumor tissue was taken as the observation group and normal gastric mucosa tissue was taken as the control group. The expression of MMP-19 was detected by immunohistochemistry method in two groups. The expression of N-cad was detected by immunohisto－chemistry method in observation group. Semi quantitative expression of MMP-19 was detected by Western blot in two groups. Gastric cancer cell line MGC803 was selected. We established siMMP-19 group，empty vector transfection group and blank control group. The expression of N-cad was detected by Western blot. Results：The positive rate of MMP-19 was higher in gastric adenocarcinoma than that in normal gastric mucosa（57.8% vs. 23.4%， χ2=15.68，P=0.001） by immunohistochemistry method. The expression of MMP-19 had statistical significance in infiltration depth（57.8% vs. 37.9%， χ2=8.59，P=0.001），tumor thrombus（83.3% vs. 47.80%， χ2=6.69，P=0.010） and lymph node metastasis（27.7% % vs. 47.6%， χ2=5.21，P=0.023）. Expression of MMP-19 was related to survival time by survival analysis（P=0.020）. Positive correlation was found between MMP-19 and N-cad（r=0.62，P=0.013） by Pearson correlation analysis. Semi quantitative expression of MMP-19 was significantly higher in the observation group than that in the control group by Western blot（1.68±0.23 vs. 1.10±0.24， χ2=5.32，P=0.020）. Expression of MMP-19 was lower in siMMP-19 group than that in empty vector transfection group and blank control group. Conclusion：MMP-19 is highly expressed in gastric adeno－carcinoma，and it’s involved in tumor formation and development. In gastric adenocarcinoma，MMP-19 is positively correlated with N-cad. Detection of the expression of MMP-19 in gastric adenocarcinoma may be of certain value in predicting the prognosis.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect of exogenous tetrahydrobiopterin on the growth of subcutaneous tumor graft of MNK-45 gastric adenocarcinoma in BALB/c-nu mice. Methods：Human gastric cancer cell MKN-45 was cultured in vitro，and a subcutaneous transplanted tumor model of human gastric cancer MKN-45 was established in nude mice. Randomized groups were divided into BH4 group and saline group，each with 5 rats. The BH4 group were injected intraperitoneally with BH4（20 mg/kg），once a day for two weeks. Equal volumes of saline were injected in saline group. The changes in tumor growth during treatment were observed. After the treatment，the mice were killed by removing the neck cone，and the tumor was stripped and weighed. The staining extent of inducible nitric oxide synthase（iNOS） and D2-40 was evaluated with immunohistochemical staining，the protein expression was detected with Western blot，nitric oxide（NO） content was determined by Greiss reaction and BH4 content was determined by ELISA analysis. Results：The tumor size in BH4 group was significantly greater than that in saline group（P<0.001）. The contents of BH4 and NO in tumor tissue，and the expression of iNOS and D2-40 were significantly higher in BH4 group than those in saline group（P<0.05）. Conclusion：BH4 may enhance excessive NO synthesis by coupling iNOS，and then induce lymphangiogenesis and promote tumor growth in gastric adenocarcinoma.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect and mechanism of down-regulation of programmed cell death ligand 1（PD-L1） expression on gefitinib-resistant（GR） non-small cell lung cancer cells. Methods：The expression levels of programmed cell death 1 （PD1） and PD-L1 mRNA and protein in non-small cell lung cancer cells were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. GR cells H1703/GR were obtained. Cell activity was detected by CCK-8. Western blot was used to detect PD1 and PD-L1 protein expression. Sh-PD-L1 was transfected into H1703/GR cells，cell activity was detected by CCK-8，apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry，and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related protein expression was detected by Western blot. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activator IGF-1 was added，cell activity was detected by CCK-8 and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Results：Compared with human immortalized lung epithelial cell line 16HBE，the expressions of PD1 and PD-L1 mRNA and protein in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines GLC82，A549，PC9，SK-MES-1，H1703，L78，H460，and H661 were all up-regulated（P<0.05，P<0.01），and H1703 cells were selected for subsequent experiments. Compared with H1703 cells，H1703/GR cells increased activity，and both PD1 and PD-L1 protein expressions were up-regulated（P<0.01）. Compared with GR group，GR+sh-PD-L1 group significantly reduced H1703/GR cell viability，increased apoptotic rate and decreased p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR protein expression（P<0.01）. Compared with GR+sh-PD-L1 group，the activity of H1703/GR cells in GR+sh-PD-L1+IGF-1 group was significantly increased and the apoptosis rate was significantly reduced（P<0.01）. Conclusion：Down-regulating PD-L1 expression enhances the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer to gefitinib by inhibiting activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect and mechanism of overexpression of close homologue of L1（CHL1） gene on tumor cell viability，invasive ability and apoptosis of the breast cancer cell. Methods：The cell experiments were divided into normal group（cells were routinely cultured without external intervention），control group（cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-CHL1-mimic-NC，conventional culture），and experimental group（cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-CHL1-mimic，routine culture）. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of each group of cells，and Transwell cell was used to detect the cell invasion ability. Western blot was used to detect the expression level of CHL1 and cluster of differentiation antigen 44（CD44） in cells of each group. Results：One-way analysis of variance showed that the differences in the apoptosis rate，the number of invaded cells and the expression levels of CHL1 and CD44 in the normal group，control group and experimental group were statistically significant（F=2 698.000，P=0.000；F=655.973，P=0.000；F=914.107，P=0.000；F=3 653.000，P=0.000）. The results of flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group（P=0.000）；the Transwell chamber showed that the number of cell invasion of the experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group（P=0.000）；Western blot detection showed the expression of CHL1 in the cells of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the normal group and the control group（P=0.000），and the expression of CD44 was significantly lower than that of the normal group and the control group（P=0.000）. Conclusion：Overexpression of CHL1 can inhibit the proliferation and invasion ability of breast cancer cells and promote their apoptosis，which may be related to the specific binding of CD44.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the role of postoperative radiotherapy（PORT） in resected limited-stage small cell lung cancer（SCLC）. Methods：The clinical data of 915 patients with limited-stage SCLC from the SEER（surveillance，epidemiology，and end results） database who received surgical treatment in 2000-2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Propensity score matching（PSM） method was used to balance the covariate bias between PORT（+） and PORT（-） groups. The survival curves were drawn by Kaplan-Meier method，and log-rank test was used to check survival difference of two groups. Overall survival（OS） and lung cancer specific survival（LCSS） were compared between these two patient groups，and the role of postoperative radiotherapy and the subgroups that benefited from postoperative radiotherapy were analyzed. Results：The median OS and LCSS were 31 months and 37 months respectively. There was no significant difference in OS and LCSS between PORT（+） and PORT（-） groups before and after the propensity score matching. When analyzed by subgroup，no differences in OS and LCSS were observed in patients with all N stages（N0，median OS：61 months vs. 62 months；P=0.838；N1，median OS：22 months vs. 20 months；P=0.735；N2，median OS：19 months vs. 16 months；P=0.254）. Patients whose lymph node ratio（LNR） was greater than 50% had significantly improved OS（HR=0.57，95%CI=0.35-0.93；P=0.024） and LCSS（HR=0.57，95%CI=0.34-0.95；P=0.030）with PORT. Multivariate analysis showed that age，type of surgery，LNR，T stage and N stage were independent prognostic factors in patients with resected limited-stage SCLC. Conclusion：The use of PORT has no relationship with the survival of N0，N1 and N2 patients. The survival benefit associated with PORT in this disease seems to be limited to those with LNR of 50% or more. This needs to be further evaluated in other similar studies and randomized controlled trials.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the clinical efficacy of thermal ablation combined with chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of intermediate and advanced non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC）. Methods：Based on the surveillance，epidemiology，and end results（SEER） database，51 730 patients with stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ NSCLC who received chemoradiotherapy from 2004 to 2016 were collected. Propensity score matching（PSM） was used to balance the covariate differences between the two groups. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used to compare the overall survival（OS） and lung cancer specific survival（LCSS） of the 2 groups. Cox proportional risk model was used to evaluate whether thermal ablation combined with chemoradiotherapy was an independent risk factor for prognosis. Results：After PSM，the thermal ablation combined with chemoradiotherapy group had better 1 year OS（52.11% vs. 45.90%，P=0.017） and 1 year LCSS（54.9% vs. 48.09%，P=0.008） than chemoradiotherapy alone group. When analyzed by subgroup，for patients aged>70 years，the OS and LCSS of thermal ablation combined with chemoradiotherapy group were better than those of chemoradiotherapy alone group before and after the PSM. For patients aged≤70 years，there was a survival benefit，but the difference was not statistically significant. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size，M stage and treatment were independent prognostic factors for OS and LCSS. Conclusion：For patients with intermediate and advanced NSCLC，thermal ablation combined with chemoradiotherapy may be a potential treatment option，especially for those aged>70 years.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the risk factors of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia（VIN） in patients with vaginitis and construct a predictive model. Methods：Using retrospective analysis，clinical data of 368 patients with chronic vaginitis and suspected VIN admitted to the gynecological clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from February 2015 to February 2020 were collected in the study. Patients were divided into VIN group（n=46） and non-VIN group（n=322） according to the diagnosis of VIN based on histopathological examination. Single factor analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed on the clinical data of the two groups when they came to the hospital，and a predictive model was built. Sensitivity，specificity，area under the receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve and prediction accuracy were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the model. Results：The comparison of the age of VIN and non-VIN groups，human papillomavirus（HPV） infection，interleukin 17（IL-17），ratio of neu－trophils to lymphocytes（NLR），macrophage colony stimulating factor（M-CSF） and serum albumin（Alb） indicators showed statistical differences（P<0.05）. After multi-factor logistic regression analysis，it was found that，HPV infection（OR=29.254，95%CI=4.124-153.574），IL-17（OR=4.604，95%CI=2.209-97.683），NLR（OR=2.835，95%CI=1.357-5.405），M-CSF（OR=2.361，95%CI=1.135-3.975） and Alb（OR=1.099，95%CI=1.015-1.263） were risk factors for chronic vaginitis complicated with VIN（P<0.05）. According to the risk factors，the expression equation of the predictive model was derived：Prob=1/（e-Y），Y=40.507－3.376×HPV infection－1.527×IL-17－1.042×NLR－0.859×M-CSF－0.095×Alb. After verification，the sensitivity of the model was 86.90%，the specificity was 85.70%，and the accuracy was 85.90%. Conclusion：The risk factors for VIN in patients with chronic vaginitis include HPV infection，high expression of IL-17，high expression of NLR，high expression of M-CSF and low expression of Alb，thereby building a prediction model，with good distinguishing ability，which can effectively assess the risk of vaginitis complicated by VIN.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the clinical efficacy of different doses of apatinib combined with simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiation therapy（SIB-IMRT） in elderly patients with locally recurrent esophageal cancer，and its correlation with serum vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor-2（VEGFR-2） and basic fibroblast growth factor（bFGF）. Methods：A total of 126 elderly patients with locally recurrent esophageal cancer admitted to the Department of Radiotherapy of Zhangye People’s Hospital Affiliated to Hexi University from January 2017 to January 2019 were randomly divided into the S-1 group，the apatinib group（0.25 g），and the apatinib group（0.5 g），with 42 patients in each group. All patients were given SIB-IMRT on a locally recurrent lesion of esophageal cancer，and the corresponding drug was given on the first day of radiotherapy. Primary study endpoints：progression-free survival（PFS），overall survival（OS）；secondary study endpoints：objective response rate（ORR），disease control rate（DCR），changes in serum markers VEGFR-2 and bFGF，and incidence of adverse drug reactions. Results：One patient in the apatinib group（0.5 g） dropped out of the clinical trial due to intolerance of hypertension. Compared with the S-1 group，the ORR and DCR of the apatinib group（0.25 g） and the apatinib group（0.5 g） were significantly increased（P<0.05），the levels of serum VEGFR-2 and bFGF were significantly decreased（P<0.05），the incidence of myelosuppression，gastrointestinal reactions，and fatigue decreased significantly（P<0.05），the incidence of adverse reactions to hypertension，hand-foot syndrome，proteinuria，and oral mucosal reactions significantly increased（P<0.05），and PFS and OS were significantly prolonged（P<0.05）. The differences were statistically significant. The incidence of fatigue，hypertension，hand-foot syndrome，and oral mucosal reactions in the apatinib group（0.5 g） was significantly higher than that in the apatinib group（0.25 g）（P<0.05），with statistical significance. There was no significant difference in the ORR，DCR，VEGFR-2，bFGF-6，OS，and other indicators between the apatinib group（0.5 g） and the apatinib group（0.25 g）（P >0.05）. Conclusion：Compared with the S-1 group，low-dose apatinib（0.25 g） combined with SIB-IMRT can improve survival and safety of elderly patients with locally recurrent esophageal cancer. Serum markers VEGFR-2 and bFGF may be potential markers for predicting therapeutic efficacy.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate correlation between the serum concentrations of CCN1 protein and its clinical features，and to explore the diagnostic value of CCN1 in early acute myeloid leukemia（AML） patients. Methods：Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosor－bent assay（ELISA） was applied for detecting the concentrations of serum CCN1 protein in 96 early AML patients and 159 control healthy people. ROC curve was used to assess the diagnostic value of CCN1 in early AML patients. The concentrations of serum CCN1 between the distinct clinical features groups and the classification groups were compared. Results：The concentrations of serum CCN1 protein in 96 early AML patients were significantly lower than those in healthy controls（P=0.000）. The area under the ROC curve was 0.823，and the optimal cut-off value was 101.22 pg/mL（sensitivity=0.823，specificity=0.667）. The concentrations of serum CCN1 protein had no correlation with clinical features. There were significant differences between different AML classification types and the control groups（P=0.000），but no significant difference was observed among CCN1 of AML types（P >0.05）. Conclusion：The concentrations of serum CCN1 protein in early AML patients are significantly different from those in control groups，which suggests that serum CCN1 protein concentration is a biomarker with broad application prospect for early AML diagnosis.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the expression of tripartite motif 21（TRIM21） in pancreatic cancer and its relations with clinico－pathological features，prognosis and immune infiltration. Methods：Oncomine and GEPIA databases were applied to analyze the mRNA expression level of TRIM21 in pancreatic cancer. Gene set enrichment analysis（GSEA） was used to predict the possible signaling pathways that TRIM21 may be involved in. TIMER database was used to analyze the correlation between TRIM21 expression level in pancreatic cancer and the infiltration abundance of immune cells，and the results were validated by Kaplan-Meier Plotter database. Immunohistochemistry（IHC） test was used to detect the protein level of TRIM21 in 87 cases of pancreatic cancer tissues and 36 cases of para-carcinoma tissues，and to analyze its relations with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Results：TRIM21 was signifi－cantly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and negatively correlated with relapse-free survival（P=0.041）. GSEA analysis confirmed that TRIM21 was involved in immune-related signaling pathways in patients with pancreatic cancer. TIMER database analysis showed that the expression level of TRIM21 in pancreatic cancer was positively associated with B cells（P=7.87e-06），CD8+ T cells（P=1.18e-04），macrophages（P=1.43e-02），neutrophils（P=2.01e-07） and dendritic cells（P=9.52e-09） infiltration levels. Kaplan-Meier Plotter database analysis showed that pancreatic cancer patients with high concentration of immune cells with high expression of TRIM21 had lower overall survival than those with low expression of TRIM21. IHC analysis indicated that TRIM21 was significantly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues，and the prognosis was lower in patients with high expression of TRIM21 than those with low expression of TRIM21（HR=1.725，P=0.033）. Compared with low expression of TRIM21，there were significant differences in the serum CEA level（P=0.000），CA-199 level（P=0.002） and AJCC pathological stage（P=0.004），N stage（P=0.010），M stage（P=0.006），and tissue differentiation（P=0.000） in the pancreatic cancer patients with high expression of TRIM21. The multivariate regression analysis showed that CA-199 level（P=0.008），N stage（P=0.028） and tumor size（P=0.049） were independent factors affecting the overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer after surgery. Conclusion：TRIM21 is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer and marks a poorer clinical prognosis and promotes the development of pancreatic cancer by modulating immune infiltration affecting the tumor microenvironment.

Abstract:Objective：To assess the clinicopathological features of gastric oxyntic gland tumour chief cell predominant type（GOGT-CCPT）. Methods：Clinicopathologic characteristics of 9 patients with GOGT-CCPT admitted to Ya’an People’s Hospital from December 2017 to July 2020 were collected in the study. The endoscopic features，pathological features and immunohistochemical results were analyzed，and the relevant literatures were discussed. Results：Among the 9 patients，5 were female and 4 were male，with a median age of 54 years，including 6 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type（GA-FG） and 3 cases of gastric oxyntic gland adenoma（GOGA）. The most common symptom was abdominal pain（5/9）. Gastroscopy revealed an elevated（8/9） or flat（1/9） lesion in the gastric corpus and the gastric fundus，with a diameter of 2 to 6 mm. Clinicopathological examination showed that the tumor was mostly located in the lamina propria，and both GA-FG and GOGA were mainly composed of chief cells，but there were also scattered parietal cells and mucous neck cells，with mild atypia and arranged in irregular glandular patterns. Peritumor space（5/6） and fibrosis（1/6）could be found among GA-FG cases. Immunophenotype showed that pepsinogen Ⅰ was expressed in chief cells，H+-K+-ATPase in parietal cells and mucin 6 in cervical mucus cells. Four patients had a follow-up for 12-25 months，without any recurrence. Conclusion：GOGT-CCPT is a rare tumor with a distinct clinicopathologic features and a favorable prognosis.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the computed tomography（CT） features of gastric schwannoma（GS） and its correlation with pathological manifestations. Methods：The complete clinical and CT data of 5 patients with pathological proved GS were summarized，and the clinical and CT features of 151 foreign patients with GS reported from 2010 to 2020 were reviewed and analyzed. Results：All the tumors were single，which located in gastric body，angle and antrum，respectively with 3 cases，1 case and 1 case. Lesions of five cases presented as expansive growth，among which 1 case grew outside the cavity fields，and 4 cases presented as bilateral growth. The maximum diameter was 21 mm to 60 mm. CT plain scan showed homogeneously slightly low density，and no ulceration was found on the surface. The dynamic enhancement scan showed mild to moderate reinforcement at the arterial phase；3 cases showed moderate reinforcement，2 cases showed obvious reinforcement at the venous phase；5 cases were further strengthened at the delayed phase. One case of them had enlarged lymph nodes around the tumor，which were confirmed by pathology as the reactive inflammatory proliferative lymph nodes. Conclusion：Although the CT manifestations of GS have certain characteristics，the diagnosis still depends on pathological examination.

Abstract:Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors，and its incidence has been increasing year by year. Recently，more and more researches have revealed that the infection of high-risk human papilloma virus（HPV） is closely related with head and neck squamous carcinoma. HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is an independent subgroup，with the characteristics of early lymph node metastasis and the advanced tumor stage，but chemoradiotherapy sensitivity and relatively good prognosis. There are several methods for HPV detection in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma，each with its advantages and disadvantages，however，most of them are not widely used in clinical practice. Therefore，this article reviews recent researches upon the detection methods of HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and the significance in clinical practice，which aims to raise the knowledge of HPV detection，and promote the clinical application in the treatment strategy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract:The Wnt signaling pathway regulates the development and homeostasis of many tissues，and controls embryonic develop－ment and adult homeostasis. Abnormal signals in the Wnt signaling pathway not only cause developmental defects，but also are closely related to the occurrence of various cancers. In recent years，Wnt signaling pathway has been found to be associated with the formation，migration and apoptosis of osteosarcoma. Secreted frizzled-related protein 1（SFRP1） is considered to be a type of Wnt pathway modu－lator because its partial structure is highly homologous to the frizzled（FZD） protein receptor of Wnt signaling pathway，which regulates the Wnt signaling pathway in osteosarcoma. This article reviews the regulation of SFRP1-Wnt signaling pathway in osteosarcoma.

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