Abstract:Stroke ranks first among the causes of death and disability in Chinese adults. Acute ischemic stroke（AIS） is the most common type of stroke that seriously affects the quality of life of patients and imposes a heavy disease burden，and therefore，the prevention and treatment of AIS is a major problem that needs to be addressed urgently. AIS has a complex pathogenesis，and overall assessment of patients should be performed to make a comprehensive decision，while following the standardized diagnosis and treatment process. There are currently two main therapeutic strategies for the acute stage of AIS，i.e.，timely recanalization of the obstructed vessels to restore the perfusion of brain tissue and rescue the ischemic penumbra and inhibition of the ischemic cascades through multiple targets to protect brain cells. In recent years，rapid progress has been made in pharmacotherapy for AIS in the fields of thrombolysis，antiplatelet therapy，and cytoprotection. With reference to related research findings in China and globally，this article reviews the advances in pharmacotherapy for the acute stage of AIS，in order to provide a scientific basis and ideas for the research and development of other effective therapeutic drugs.

Abstract:Cerebral small vessel disease（CSVD） is a common cause of stroke and dementia. Besides the common type of arteriosclerotic CSVD，the prevention and treatment of non-arteriosclerotic arteriosclerotic CSVD should also be taken seriously. At present，there is still a lack of specific therapeutic drugs for such diseases due to unclear mechanisms and strong heterogeneity；however，some clinical evidence has been obtained for symptomatic treatment，and potential therapies are being explored alongside in-depth research on mechanisms. This article reviews the advances in treatment in this field.

Abstract:In recent years，with the development of disease-modifying therapies（DMT） such as monoclonal antibodies against amyloid-beta protein（Aβ），drug treatment for Alzheimer's disease（AD） has entered a new era. Currently，two antibodies targeting Aβ—aducanumab and lecanemab—have been approved for clinical use，attracting widespread attention worldwide. Meanwhile，remarkable progress has also been made in the development of drugs against non-Aβ and non-tau targets. This review highlights the latest advances in the development and application of drugs for AD that have been clinically approved or in clinical trials.

Abstract:Objective To translate and revise Alzheimer's disease-related quality of life（ADRQL） scale，and to evaluate its reliability and validity.Methods The Brislin's translation model for cross-cultural research was used to translate the English version of ADRQL scale，and the translated scale was culturally adapted through expert panel discussion and pre-survey. The convenience sampling method was used to investigate 221 caregivers of the patients with Alzheimer's disease or other types of dementia who attended Ruijin Hospital and community health service centers from December 2022 to June 2023. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the correlation of the results and evaluate the reliability of the scale； the expert evaluation method was used to evaluate the content validity of the scale；the exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate the structural validity of the scale.Results The Bartlett's spherical test of the Chinese version of the ADRQL scale was χ2=2 466.634，P<0.001，with a KMO value of 0.727. Eight common factors were extracted by the exploratory factor analysis，with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 47.37%. The content validity index was 0.99 at the scale level and was 0.83-1.00 at the entry level. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.809 for the total scale，with a split-half reliability coefficient of 0.860.Conclusion The Chinese version of the ADRQL scale has good reliability and validity and can be used to assess quality of life in patients with Alzheimer's disease or other types of dementia in China.

Abstract:Frontotemporal dementia（FTD） is a group of neurodegenerative diseases with diverse clinical phenotypes，complex genetic factors，and highly heterogeneous neuropathology，and it is characterized by progressive changes in personality and behavior，executive dysfunction，and speech and language impairment. Currently，there are no effective treatment methods that can cure FTD or reverse its progression，and in clinical practice，symptomatic treatment strategies are often used to improve the neuropsychiatric，motor，and cognitive symptoms of patients with FTD. With in-depth studies on the pathogenesis of FTD，clinical trials are being conducted for an increasing number of drugs that target the mutant genes and neuropathology of FTD，in order to achieve early management and precise treatment. This article reviews the advances in the treatment of FTD，so as to help clinicians understand the latest information for the treatment of FTD and improve disease management.

Abstract:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis（ALS） is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Effective cures for this disease have not been available yet. However，promising options for the treatment of ALS have been approaching thanks to the growing understanding of ALS pathogenesis and genetics as well as the innovation of gene regulation strategies. This article provides a comprehensive review of advances on antisense oligonucleotide therapy， adeno-associated virus-mediated gene therapy，and cell therapy in ALS.

Abstract:Symptomatic dopamine replacement therapy has dominated the pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease （PD）. However，long-term use of dopaminergic drugs can induce a variety of problems，such as motor complications，neuropsychiatric dysfunctions，and balance and gait disturbances，which greatly compromise the treatment outcome of patients with PD at an advanced stage. In recent years，substantial progress has been made in pharmaceutical treatment for PD. For symptomatic treatment，novel levodopa formulations，novel dopaminergic agonist formulations，new monoamine oxidase B inhibitors，new catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors，and multiple non-dopaminergic drugs have been approved or on the horizon. Although there are no clinically available disease-modifying medications at present，a variety of such drugs targeting various pathological mechanisms have been in early clinical trials，and some of them have achieved promising results. In addition，some medications for treating other conditions are being re-developed for PD treatment. Here，we provide a review on new advances in this field.

Abstract:Gait disturbance is one of the most common axial symptoms in Parkinson's disease（PD），and it severely impairs the mobility and quality of life of patients. Neuromodulation is an important therapy in addition to pharmacotherapy，exercise，and rehabilitation，among which invasive surgery is a commonly used modulation method. Due to the high prevalence rate of gait disturbance in PD and the limitations of existing therapies，studies for new targets and techniques have been conducted for invasive neuromodulation in recent years. This article reviews the advances and prospects of invasive neuromodulation in the treatment of gait disturbance in PD.

Abstract:Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disease. In recent years，clinical trials have been conducted for various intervention strategies targeting mRNA levels，and meanwhile，with the development of the clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeat（CRISPR）/CRISPR-associated genes system，there are also reports on gene editing strategies for pathogenic genomes. This article reviews the gene therapy for Huntington's disease in terms of current clinical status，research advances，and improvements in clinical assessment.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the influence of cerebral white matter lesion（WML） on motor symptoms，cognitive function，and mood in patients with Parkinson's disease（PD）.Methods A total of 123 patients with PD who visited the Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2018 to December 2023 were included. Age‐related White Matter Changes（ARWMC） scale was used to evaluate the degree of cerebral WML on cranial MRI imaging，according to the score of the scale，the patients were divided into mild WML group with 46 patients and moderate‐to‐severe WML group with 77 patients. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part Ⅲ（UPDRS‐Ⅲ） and Hoehn‐Yahr（H‐Y） Rating Scale were used to assess motor symptoms and disease severity； Mini‐Mental State Examination（MMSE） was used to assess cognitive function in PD； Hamilton Depression Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Scale were used to assess the emotion of PD patients； Barthel Index was used to assess the activities of daily living. The scores of motor symptoms，cognitive function，and mood in patients were compared between the two groups， and the relationship between WML and PD patients symptoms was analyzed by Logistic regression.Results The moderate‐to‐severe WML group had a significantly higher incidence rate of hypertension than the mild WML group（41.6% vs. 23.9%，P<0.05）. Compared with the mild WML group，the moderate‐to‐severe WML group had significantly higher H‐Y stage［2.5（1.5，3.0） vs. 2.0（1.5，2.5），P<0.05］ and UPDRS‐Ⅲ score（34.0±16.5 vs. 24.09±11.04，P<0.01）. Compared with the mild WML group，the moderate‐to‐severe WML group had significantly lower MMSE score［24.0（18.5，27.0） vs. 26.0（23.8，27.0），P<0.01］ and Barthel Index［（77.4±17.4） vs.（83.5±11.7），P<0.05］. The correlation analysis showed that total ARWMC score was positively correlated with H‐Y stage，UPDRS‐Ⅲ score，and age，while it was negatively correlated with MMSE score and Barthel Index. The logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between severe WML impairment and cognitive impairment（β=1.072，95% confidence interval：1.078~7.918，P=0.035）.Conclusion WML is associated with dyskinesia，cognitive impairment，and reduction in quality of life in PD.

Abstract:Epilepsy ranks second among the common disorders of the nervous system，affecting over 9 million patients in China. Although 20 anti-seizure medications have been developed at present，about one-third of patients still show resistance to anti-seizure medications. In recent years，significant progress has been made in the field of epilepsy treatment，and new anti-seizure medications have been introduced to provide patients with more treatment options. These drugs not only play a role in controlling seizures，but also have achieved significant improvements in reducing drug side-effects and improving the quality of life of patients. This article reviews the anti-seizure medications that have been marketed in the past 15 years，so as to enhance the understanding of newly marketed anti-seizure medications among clinicians and deepen the level of knowledge about their application in clinical practice.

Abstract:Medically refractory epilepsy has always affected a considerable proportion of patients with epilepsy. This group of patients may be able to achieve seizure remission by means of surgical treatment after precise evaluation. This article presents preoperative neurophysiological and imaging evaluation methods for refractory epilepsy，and summarizes surgical options for different types of epilepsy in the light of new clinical research advances. We also have a discussion on non-invasive treatments as well as related future trend in surgical treatment for epilepsy.

Abstract:The acute treatment of migraine aims to provide rapid relief of headache and accompanying symptoms and is one of the main methods for the prevention and treatment of migraine. In recent years，new advances have been made in medications for the acute treatment of migraine，with the aim to improve the efficacy and safety of treatment. Excessive use of acute treatment medications and ineffective acute treatment are important risk factors for the chronicity of migraine. Different acute treatment medications may have different effects on the chronicity of migraine. There is still much room for the optimization of migraine acute treatment，and clinicians should develop individualized treatment regimens based on the specific conditions of the patient，so as to improve the efficacy of acute treatment and prevent the chronicity of migraine.This article reviews the current situation and strategies of acute treatment of migraine and the relationship between acute treatment and chronic migraine.

Abstract:Neuralgia refers to severe pain caused by nervous system diseases or injuries and is characterized by a strong sense of pain and chronic attacks，thereby causing great physical and mental torture to patients and reducing their quality of life. Therefore，it is of great importance to explore the mechanism of neuralgia and standardized diagnosis and treatment regimens. Currently，the treatment options for neuralgia include medication and interventional therapy. This article summarizes the new mechanisms of neuralgia and the new treatment options at present，so as to deepen the understanding of the new advances in neuralgia among clinicians.

Abstract:Disease-modifying therapy（DMT） is the standard therapy for reducing recurrence and improving prognosis during the remission stage of multiple sclerosis（MS）. A variety of DMT drugs with different action targets and mechanisms have been approved and marketed in China. With a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of MS and the improvement of the treatment goals for MS，clinical trials are being conducted for several novel drugs to pursue better efficacy and safety. This article introduces the mechanism of action and clinical trial results of the DMT drugs approved in China and reviews the current research status of several new DMT drugs.

Abstract:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders（NMOSD） is an autoimmune-mediated central nervous system disorder characterized by optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. NMOSD is mainly caused by aquaporin-4（AQP4） immunoglobulin G（IgG） antibody and has the characteristics of high recurrence and disability rates. Each time of recurrence may lead to gradual accumulation of nerve damage and disability，and therefore，drugs for effective prevention of recurrence should be used as early as possible to reduce recurrence rate and improve the long-term prognosis of patients. At present，with the in-depth studies on the pathogenesis of NMOSD， new monoclonal antibody drugs for corresponding targets continue to emerge. This article reviews the treatment methods for preventing the recurrence of NMOSD with positive AQP4-IgG antibody in the chronic stage.

Abstract:Multiple sclerosis（MS） is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of MS gradually deepens， the treatment methods for MS are being constantly updated. In recent years，a large number of disease-modifying therapy（DMT） drugs have been introduced，and clinical studies have shown that such drugs have good efficacy and safety. Treatment strategies and goals are also being improved. This article mainly reviews the mechanism of action，efficacy， and safety of the DMT drugs introduced in recent years and briefly introduces treatment strategies，treatment goals，and new drugs under development，in order to provide a reference for clinical decision-making.

Abstract:Myasthenia gravis（MG） is an autoimmune disease caused by specific autoantibodies at the neuromuscular junction. The traditional immunotherapy drugs for MG include glucocorticoids，immunosuppressants，and intravenous immunoglobulins. Although these immunosuppressants are effective for most MG patients，the adverse reactions or complications brought by these drugs remain a challenge in MG treatment. In addition，non-specific immunosuppressants often take effect slowly and carry the risk of bone marrow suppression，increased infection，and tumor development. With the emergence of various new targeted biological agents，the treatment of MG has entered the era of molecular immunity，providing patients and clinicians with more treatment options. This article reviews three types of novel biological agents that act on different targets in the pathophysiological process of MG，including B-cell depleting agents，terminal complement C5 inhibitors，and neonatal Fc receptor inhibitors. Compared with traditional immunosuppressants，these targeted drugs have fewer side effects，take effect faster，and have the potential ability for sustained and long-term remission in MG.

Abstract:Although radiotherapy can significantly increase the survival rate of patients with head and neck tumors， it also causes damage to the surrounding normal brain tissue， resulting in radiation-induced brain necrosis and cognitive decline， which shows an incidence rate up to 90% and seriously affects the quality of life of patients. In recent years， researchers have explored the potential etiologies of radiation-induced brain injury（RIBI） at various levels and have identified different types of targets for intervention， providing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced damage. This article reviews the mechanisms of the development and progression of RIBI and related pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions and proposes the current challenges and future research directions of this field.

Abstract:Rare diseases are characterized by a low prevalence rate，unknown etiology，severe symptoms，and poor treatment outcomes. Orphan drugs are developed for the prevention，treatment，and diagnosis of these rare diseases. Due to the limited number of patients with rare diseases and the limited research funds in enterprises，these drugs are often scarce and expensive. However，with the improvement in the public awareness of rare diseases，the introduction of incentive policies，and the increase in research investments in recent years，rapid progress has been made in the research and development of orphan drugs，with a significant increase in the proportion of orphan drugs for the treatment of tumors，pediatric diseases，and nervous system diseases. Many rare diseases affect the nervous and muscular systems，and therefore，this article reviews the drugs for the treatment of rare nervous system diseases.

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Abstract:Schizophrenia is one of major mental disorders leading to severe mental disabilities，imposing a substantial burden on the society and patients and their families. Advances in science and technology have not only promoted the re-development of traditional medications，but also fostered the emergence of novel drugs like xanomeline-trospium，emraclidine，and trace amine-associated receptor 1，which offer more personalized and effective treatment options. This article delves into the clinical effectiveness and mechanisms of action of these drugs as well as the challenges from the introduction of new medications，such as drug discontinuation，side effects，and the establishment of animal models for drug prediction. Insights into future research directions are provided. We aim to explore the latest progress in schizophrenia medications，offering up-to-date references for researchers and clinicians.

Abstract:Major depression disorder（MDD） is a common mental disorder that significantly impacts the quality of life of patients and imposes a heavy burden on society. Pharmacotherapy is the main treatment method for MDD and plays a crucial role in the management of MDD. With the in-depth studies on MDD，the types of antidepressive agents and treatment concepts have been developed continuously. This article reviews the advances in pharmacotherapy for MDD based on related articles and research data in China and globally.

Abstract:Functional neurological disorders（FND） refer to a group of diseases characterized by the clinical symptoms of neurological disorders， but without corresponding organic causes. In clinical practice，the diagnosis of such diseases is difficult， and patients and their families have low recognition of the diagnosis； moreover， there is a lack of unified and standardized guidelines for treatment. This article reviews various treatment methods such as medication， psychology，rehabilitation，traditional Chinese medicine， and functional neurosurgery， and it is recommended to develop a multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment model and formulate individualized treatment plans， so as to bring benefits to more patients.

Abstract:Mental disorders encompass a spectrum of conditions involving disturbances in cognition，emotion，thinking，and behavior， with diverse clinical manifestations and complex pathogenic mechanisms. The etiology of these disorders remains unclear，and there are still no effective targeted treatment regimens，posing a significant challenge in the field of medicine. Recent research findings have shown that novel neuroregulation techniques based on electricity，magnetism，light，and sound can effectively treat or alleviate the clinical symptoms of various medically intractable mental disorders. Therefore，this article summarizes and reviews the advances in the development and application of various novel neuroregulation techniques，so as to provide new insights for updating the treatment regimens for mental disorders.